Two Content Theories Of Motivation Essay - 3060 Words

Two content theories of motivation: ïÆ'Ëœ Maslow’s hierarchy needs Physiological Needs These include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need for water, air, food, and sleep. Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met. Security Needs These include needs for safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Examples of security needs include a desire for steady employment, health insurance, and pension plan. Social Needs These include needs for belonging, love, and affection. Maslow considered these needs to be less basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments, and families help fulfill this need for companionship and acceptance, as doe’s involvement in social, community, or company. Esteem Needs After the first three needs have been satisfied, esteem needs becomes increasingly important. These include the need for things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition, and accomplishment. Self-actualizing Needs This is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others, and interested fulfilling their potential an they want participate to take decision. ïÆ'Ëœ McShow MoreRelatedProcess and Content Theory of Motivation and How They Apply to the Work Place1216 Words   |  5 PagesTheories of Motivation - Overview of the Content Theories of Motivation Presentation Transcript 1. Yenna Monica D. P. 2. What is MOTIVATION? Derived from the Latin word „MOVERE‟ which means „to move‟ The processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal. 3. ï  ½ Effort - concerns the magnitude or intensity of employee‟s work – related behaviour. ï  ½ Direction - quality of an employee‟s work – that is the investment of sustained effortRead MoreMotivation And Its Impact On Performance860 Words   |  4 PagesMotivation and its Impact on Performance Tony Mcalphin, Student Eastern Florida State College A persons’ performance is dependent on their willingness to accomplish a goal. There are different aspects that make up motivation and performance. In this paper, we will learn what defines both motivation and performance, and how they affect each other. What is Motivation? A person’s motivation is what drives them to set a goal and accomplish it. Merriam-Webster(2013) describes motivation as, â€Å"the generalRead MoreEssay about Hierarchy Explains Motivation726 Words   |  3 Pagesperspectives on motivation, and explain which perspective you find most compelling, and why. Using the perspective you found most compelling, describe how managers might utilize that perspective to motivate workers where you work or an organization with which you are familiar. Motivation has been studied and analyzed and thus many theories address its role in the organizational structure. The main perspective on motivation or the willingness to perform are lumped in two types of theories the content and theRead MoreContent Theory Of Motivation And Motivation Essay787 Words   |  4 PagesQ1] Which content theory of motivation do you consider the most suitable in present business scenario and why? ANS:- There are two theories of motivation, namely Content theories and Process theories. Content theory deals with the ‘what’ aspect of motivation. It puts down points regarding what motivates people. Its focus is to point out the factors within a person that energize, direct, sustain and stop behaviour. It focuses on the specific behaviour that motivates people. Individual needs and goalsRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Need Theories and the Process Theories of Work Motivation1172 Words   |  5 PagesA Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory 34 Votes Management Theories Motivation Theory What is Motivation? Motivation is the answer to the question â€Å"Why we do what we do?†. The motivation theories try to figure out what the â€Å"M† is in the equation: â€Å"M motivates P† (Motivator motivates the Person). It is one of most important duty of an entrepreneur to motivate people. (I strongly belive that motivating people with visionary and shared goals is more favorable than motivating throughRead MoreDifferences Between Content Theories And Behavior Theories852 Words   |  4 PagesComparison Among Content Theories, Process Theories and Behaviour Theories. Type Feature Theories Oraganizing strategy Content theories Content Theory To explore incentives through to the internal human needs †¢ Maslow s hierarchy of needs Theory †¢ EGR Theory †¢ Herzberg s Two-factor Theory †¢ McClelland s Need for Achievement Theory Satisfied employee by need of payment, power, achievement in order to motivate them. Process theories To explore human psychological process from motivation begin and takeRead MoreWhy Should A Firm Seek Help Motivate And Satisfy It Employees?1289 Words   |  6 Pageson increased employee motivation and satisfaction correlated directly with the overall business effectiveness (Watson, 1994, p. 4). Increasingly businesses are recognizing the importance of motivated workforces, thus the issue becomes a question of how should a firm seek to motivate and satisfy it employees? Conventional wisdom may tell us that the answer to this question is money, however, what numerous theories and frameworks have demonstrated over time is that motivation is not merely as simpleRead More2 Process Theories of Motivation1526 Words   |  7 PagesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY Motivation theories are primarily divided into two major types which are the content theories and the process theories. This report aims to critically evaluate two process theories of motivation which is the Expectancy Theory by Victor Vroom and the Equity Theory by John Stacy Adams. The methodologies used in this report include a study and analysis of textbooks, writings and journals from the internet. As a conclusion, the question is not whether each of these approachesRead MoreMotivation Theories, Content And Process Theories910 Words   |  4 PagesMotivation in the workplace can often be a difficult challenge for organizations to address. The capability to effect motivation is believed to be vital in a corporation, as a motivated worker is often an effective one. Needs theories of motivation are implemented in order to assist managers in improving employee’s work rate, efficiency and output. There are two main types of needs motivation theories, content and process theories. These methods also try to ensure employee turnover will decreaseRead MoreThe Environmental Interaction And Personal Forces914 Words   |  4 Pageslazy and inadequate, so a better understanding of work motivation is important to be made. Little effort has been made to identify how the environmental interaction and personal forces can influence the work motivation of the employees working for the p ublic sector and also, to determine the extent of work motivation differences between the public and the private sector. (Wright, 2001, p. 561). 2.1 DEFINITION OF MOTIVATION â€Å"The term ‘motivation’ can refer variously to the goals individuals have, the

The Ancient Roman And Roman Religion - 2489 Words

In the ancient Roman world, religion played the most important role in everyday life, as well as in matters of the state. The Romans looked to the gods for political stability and for control of the unexplainable and natural phenomenon. The gods were believed to control all aspects of Roman life, and for that reason, a great deal of importance was placed in the appropriate worship of the gods. Women played an extremely influential role in ancient Roman religion. Not only did they participate in religious rituals, but some even held religious positions as Vestal Virgins. Ancient Roman religion was quite similar to ancient Greek religion. The Romans worshiped the Dii Consentes, the twelve main gods including Jupiter, Juno, Minerva,†¦show more content†¦The main pontiff was the pontifex maximus. He presided over the pontiffs and also the state of Rome as emperor. This relation between religion and politics is a key defining characteristic of Roman Religion. In the ancie nt Roman world, the division between religion and state was non-existent. Sacred law and public law overlapped one another, for religious matters were also political matters. For this reason, Roman marriage is unique in its legal, business matter like fashion. Marriage in the ancient Roman world was a legal union between and man and a women that resembled somewhat of a business transaction. The main purpose for marriage was to produce children who would eventually inherit the property of their father. As pater familias, the Roman family was under the absolute authority of the father. This power gave the Roman father complete control of the lives of his wife and children, as well as control over the familial religious faith. Marriage was necessary for the legitimacy of children, for citizenship was only granted to those who were conceived in wedlock between two Roman citizens. Children born outside of a legitimate marriage were not fully recognized under the law. In the cas e of the death of the father, the oldest son would gain control of the all family matters. Having children to inherit their parents’ property was crucial for maintaining the wealth of the Roman family. For

Leadership Development Personal Skills and Achievements

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Developmentfor Personal Skills and Achievements Answer: Introduction A leadership portfolio represents a consistent reflection of the personal skills, achievements, programs, activities and other relevant experiences which contribute to an individuals leadership development. The leadership portfolio presented in the present report is segregated into three sections. The 1st part covers my understanding of necessary leadership attributes and traits. This includes the traits of a leader which I feel are vital. The second section incorporates my reflections on how my leadership skills in my present work environment mirror the philosophy and traits defined in section 1. This segment basically undertakes a self-assessment of my performance against the identified leadership traits. The last section entails an action/improvement plan organised as a table to implement the necessary actions for attaining the level I wish to reach. A leader who serves is one who justly obtains influence by providing service to others. His/her strength is an outcome of the sustenance and strength of people around him/her. A savant leader is first a servant. It starts with the inherent feeling of wanting to serve. Then the conscious choice makes one desirous of leading (Day, 2014). A servant leader needs to possess more valour and a sense of self than any archetypal order and control leader. It is very easy to become a traditional top-down type of a leader. Leadership is not about sticking to a territory; it is about surrendering the ego, putting in ones spirit to work, and being the most genuine and best self (OBrien, 2010). Leaders who follow servant leadership are usually not those who could be found glorified in business magazines, but they belong to all walks of life and from all societies. The conversation gives the base for blending servant leadership with leading in a living system, one which is sustainable, completely networked, chaotic and dynamic. Many capabilities are critical for leaders interested in strengthening living human systems; frameworks typified by a system of conversational relations and collaboration. Such capabilities entail the aptitude of framing questions that matter, summon learning conversations, enable shared meaning, promote appreciative inquiry, cultivate communities of practice, and make use of concerted technologies. These are the main skills, believed to be important for a servant leader having a living systems viewpoint. As per Wallace (2011), leaders prepare their organisations to cope change and help them struggle through the process. This is done by enabling people to move in dynamic and new directions through conversation. As the leader assists people through the constant change process, he/she has the courage of serving them by ext ending love, power and authorship of work to tap into the potential of his team members. Attributes critical to becoming a servant leader The traits identified are collected from a range of sources, and all add to the model of an effective organisational leader. Principles Four principles have been selected which are critical for an efficient leader working within the organisational framework. Living system standpoint Viewing the world and all its systems from the standpoint of living systems develops the context for leaders work and is the base for releasing the strength of the people within the organisation. As the company lets go of the machine system of the workplace, and employees as substitutable cogs in the mechanism of production, the leaders will view themselves in a much deeper dimension, to design companies that respect and honour the workers (Spears and Lawrence, 2016). Keeping a living system standpoint also ensures that when attempting to comprehend problems within the company, observations are taken not out of context but always seen as a component of the whole organisation. This is essential to thwart the frequent action of correcting locally but hampering globally. Transparency This is crucial to ensure complete participation in the organisation. Accountability and transparency are the basis of sound governance. Healthy organisations do not succeed in the role of secrecy, and an efficient leader creates transparency actively (Dierendonck and Patterson, 2010). Vision If the leader is not able to envisage a picture of the goal, it becomes very difficult for the employees to reach there. Integrity It is important for the leader to live the companys vision and values and such keystone of integrity give the freedom of living ones dreams (Agard, 2011). Process Skills These skills have been selected based on the abilities in developing replicable processes supporting leadership. Effective leaders should be capable of asking questions that shake the system and produce conversations. Conversations around important matters are important for employees to sense authorship of the opinions and the work to be performed and is critical for them to feel that the work done by them is of importance (Baron, 2010). Creating conversations - Intricately related to question asking is the requirement to ensure that the conversations are created organization-wide, and this should not occur by chance. Building feedback loops - in the absence of feedbacks, the leader does not have any way of knowing what is taking place or if what is happening is leading to positive changes. Leaders must be linked through the real-time framework to keep in constant touch with their employees (Sendjaya, 2015). Tapping into teams potential - A reverent leader taps into its teams potential by providing power, authorship and love to the team members. Behaviors Behaviour is the reflection of what is done by a leader. Curiosity This results in innovation. In the absence of curiosity, there exists no reason to determine whether there is an improved way. The desire to learn is driven by curiosity, and no can lead in the absence of this desire (Barter, 2015). Passion An effective leader needs to have a passion for pursuing important issues. Passion keeps them moving toward an objective even when everything else is going wrong. Courage Leading means forging trails which others have not followed and to do this, a leader needs courage. Effective leaders do not surrender when encountered with adversity. They just become more determined (Olowosoyo, 2014). As far as the principles are concerned, I have huge integrity which is reflected through my work. Irrespective of the personal pain or difficulty my leadership may bring for me, I always conform to what is right and focus on doing the right thing. As far as vision is concerned, I am very good at storytelling which is critical for painting pictures through stories to capture the spirits of my team members. My leadership style also entails the attribute of transparency. I try to ensure that I open up conversations with all team members on all aspects of their work. The below-presented evaluation is for my process and behavioural skills where there are some loopholes. Attributes Assessment scale 1-5 Current level Asking questions that are important 3 I rate myself 3 in this attribute. When I enquired others to rate me on this, they rated me a 4-5. Their rating was underpinned by the attitude reflected by me and not based on the definitions of capabilities mentioned in Section 1. I think that my performance in this front is not very strong and only sufficient. There is a huge room for improvement and further grow my capabilities. Building conversations 2 Like during the last capability, my peers again rated me as 4-5 for this skill. Nonetheless, this is underpinned by the fact that I am developing conversation circles and asking everyone to talk actively with each other. I, on the contrary, comprehend that I am very novice in this area and just learning to fathom the intricacies entailed in this skill. There is still a long way to go. Developing feedback loops 2 My personal evaluation and that of my peers in this area are the same. I usually bury myself in my work and do not hang out with the team too often. I do get involved in meetings but not all. My ideal feedback emerges from being out with the team, observing, listening and asking questions. I need to improve a lot in this Tapping into the teams potential 4 When asked, my peers said that I earn a 4-5 for my initiative to transform the culture from authoritative to coaching. I would also rate myself 4 on this as I believe I have really worked hard in this area. I am the driver of this transition in the way we connect with our team. However, I am still learning and developing and will likely be a 4 in this skill for some time. Curiosity 5 I obtained a 5 in this area. I do have a strong passion for learning and possessing a never-ending curiosity which triggers my desire to learn. I always search ways of improving and actively assist others follow suit. Passion 5 I attained a 5 on this as well. I am extremely passionate about my vision, mission, values and I live by my beliefs. I work passionately to implement my definition of self-organization, leadership and my learning concepts. Courage 3 This was evaluated consistently at a 4-5. But I rate myself a 3 on this skill. I do have the courage but not always at the correct time. There is a great deal I ought to learn about this ability and how to cultivate it. I do get apprehensive at times, and this leads to poor decision making which others might not understand or see. If composed under pressure was on this scale, I would give myself a 5. However, calm does not signify courage. Attributes to be improved 1 Year Plan 3-5 Year Plan Asking questions that are critical During meetings, training, conversations and coaching of all types, I will be asking questions and measuring whether they produce consistent conversations. Those that do, I will note, and those that fail too, I will note them as well to determine if I can identify which questions have a life. I will maintain a journal for data collection. I will continue the same activities for informing my practice, and I would involve myself in training and workshops where such aptitude is modelled which will enable me to improve my abilities in this zone. Building conversations I will facilitate and participate in conversation groups that I am in the process of developing at my workplace, and this is the driver for me to learn to get engaged in conversations. I will also read and study everything I could get my hands on to further help me develop this skill I will continue practising the activities to inform my practice and would take part in training and workshops where I could model this skill. Developing feedback loops I will schedule more time outs with my team so that I could augment my sense of what is happening. I will continue implementing strategies that enhance the manner team members converse together, which is likely to better the information flow in the team Besides continuing the strategies, I will also explore different learning prospects to augment my skill to formalise feedback channels. I am not detailed centric, and hence this is going to be a stretch for me. Tapping into teams potential I am testing ideas on how to tap into the potential of my team. I am asking the members to get involved in decision making, and I am watching their willingness and ability to participate. I will also track absences and call outs as the main indicators to determine if the programs being implemented are enhancing the way the employees feel about the work Continue learning from previous activities and research this domain to augment my performance and understanding. Courage Of all the skills that characterise an effective leader, this is the most challenging capability for me and where my limits have always held me back. I will continue to develop my confidence level so that I could develop courage. I will recognise my fears and what causes them. I would then script situations that cause my fears. I will use the technique of framing to shape how I think about particular fearsome situations by making them look banal. I would take calculated risks and become more acceptable toward my failures. References Agard, K., 2011. Leadership in Nonprofit Organisations: A Reference Handbook. SAGE. Baron, T., 2010. The Art of Servant Leadership: Designing Your Organization for the Sake of Others. Wheatmark Inc. Barter, A., 2015. Farmer Able: A fable about servant leadership transforming organisations and people from the inside out. Wheatmark Inc. Day, D., 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Leadership and Organisations. OUP. Dierendonck, D. and Patterson, K., 2010. Servant Leadership: Developments in Theory and Research. Springer. OBrien, M., 2010. Servant Leadership in Nursing: Spirituality and Practice in Contemporary Health Care. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Olowosoyo, O., 2014. Servant Leadership. Lulu Press. Sendjaya, S., 2015. Personal and Organisational Excellence through Servant Leadership: Learning to Serve, Serving to Lead, Leading to Transform. Springer. Spears, L. and Lawrence, M., 2016. Practising Servant-Leadership: Succeeding Through Trust, Bravery, and Forgiveness. John Wiley Sons. Wallace, R., 2011. Servant Leadership: Leaving a legacy. RL Education.

Make A Difference free essay sample

Have you ever asked yourself: Who am I in this world? What is the place I occupy in this world? How can I help others? What can I do to change the world..? Some people call me an idealist and a dreamerBut I do believe every person has to do something to make this world better. Have you ever thought of people suffering around you? Have you ever noticed them? What have you done to help them? These people can have not a global problemSome of them just need someone to stay nearSome of them just need your handIt is a lot easier to say: Its not my problem. But do you choose easy ways in your life? If you do, can you call yourself a person for sure? I dont think soIts not that hard to give a hand. Who will do it instead of you? Only you Is it so hard just to listen to people when they need you to? Every huge thing starts with a little oneHowever, I do believe theres no little thing in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Make A Difference or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every little thing turns into a giant one if it makes someone feel better I suppose only we can make changes. If you dont make them, then who will? Its easier to live the way youve been told. And it will take some time to change the world Its easier to say: I dont care instead of trying to make something fair. Its easier to give up at the beginning of your way. Yes, its harder to make it to the end. Do you live your life the way someone has told you? If you do, can you say that you are happy..? You have to struggle to be a winner. And your life should not be easy. Only after fighting, difficulties, going through unpleasant moments you will be able to feel yourself a winner. Only after helping others you will feel yourself a winnerYou just have to start. How can you make a difference? There are a lot of waysNobody can tell you what to do. You just have to feel it. Theres no instruction about changing the worldIt would look pathetic. It should be in your heart. You should feel it. You have to take a step and move ahead. It wont be easy. So take a breath But this is the sense. You must get rid of I dont care attitude to the worldYou must make a differenceWe all have something to bringJust give it try!

Flamenco essays

Flamenco essays Flamenco es un arte. Es un arte que estimula la mente, el cuerpo, y el alma. Flamenco es originario de Espan, flamenco tiene unas raà ­ces en los moros y los judà ­os. Hoy el flamenco forma parte de la tradicin en la vida de cada dà ­a, porque toda la mà ºsica que las personas escuchan en Andalucà ­a ha brotado del flamenco (Similar al Jazz en los estados unidos). Hay tres tipos de Flamenco: El baile, la guitarra, y el canto. Por lo general, la mà ºsica es lo ms importante. El baile del flamenco no es menos que fantstico. Las chicas usan sus cuerpos con gracia y con mucho flujo. Los chicos bailan en forma de Zapateado, forma por la cual ellos usan mucho los pies, y golpean el piso con los tacones. La mà ºsica es muy rpida y las personas se mueven al comps de la mà ºsica. La parte de canto es la que a mi no me gusta. No me gusta porque el volumen de las voces de las personas, en mi opinin, no es tan necesario . Tambin, no me gusta el tono de los personas que estn cantando. Probablemente es porque yo no escucho este tipo de mà ºsica todos los dà ­as, y es solamente porque es diferente. En el canto, en las raà ­ces del norte de frica es muy evidente cuando las personas gritan jaleos. Cuando yo fui al frica, yo escuche los jaleos muy similares a los que se escuchan en la mà ºsica del Flamenco. La parte de la guitarra es mi favorito. Me gusta este parte porque es similar a la mà ºsica que yo escucho. Tambin, el sonido es muy denso y es un placer escucharlo. Yo escucho un poco de la mà ºsica de Paco de Lucia, y me gusta mucho la mà ºsica. Ahora, despus de haber trabajado en este ensayo, ya se mucho mas sobre flamenco y de las tradiciones de las personas en Espa ...

The Oxygen Revolution - History of Life on Earth

The Oxygen Revolution - History of Life on Earth The atmosphere on early Earth was very different than what we have today. It is thought that the first atmosphere of the Earth was made up of hydrogen and helium, much like the gaseous planets and the Sun. After millions of years of volcanic eruptions and other internal Earth processes, the second atmosphere emerged. This atmosphere was full of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and also contained other types of vapors and gases like water vapor and, to a lesser extent, ammonia and methane. Oxygen-Free This combination of gases was very inhospitable to most forms of life. While there are many theories, such as the Primordial Soup Theory, Hydrothermal Vent Theory, and the Panspermia Theory of how life began on Earth, it is certain that the first organisms to inhabit the Earth did not need oxygen, as there was no free oxygen in the atmosphere. Most scientists agree that the building blocks of life would not have been able to form if there had been oxygen in the atmosphere at that time. Carbon Dioxide However, plants and other autotrophic organisms would thrive in an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is one of the main reactants necessary for photosynthesis to occur. With carbon dioxide and water, an autotroph can produce a carbohydrate for energy and oxygen as waste. After many plants evolved on Earth, there was an abundance of oxygen floating freely in the atmosphere. It is hypothesized that no living thing on Earth at that time had a use for oxygen. In fact, the abundance of oxygen was toxic to some autotrophs and they became extinct. Ultraviolet Even though oxygen gas couldnt be used directly by living things, oxygen wasnt all bad for these organisms living during that time. Oxygen gas floated to the top of the atmosphere where it was exposed to ultraviolet rays of the sun. Those UV rays split the diatomic oxygen molecules and helped to create ozone, which is made up of three oxygen atoms covalently bonded to one another. The ozone layer helped block some of the UV rays from reaching Earth. This made it safer for life to colonize on land without being susceptible to those damaging rays. Before the ozone layer formed, life had to stay in the oceans where it was protected from the harsh heat and radiation. First Consumers With a protective layer of ozone to cover them and plenty of oxygen gas to breathe, heterotrophs were able to evolve. The first consumers to appear were simple herbivores that could eat the plants that survived the oxygen laden atmosphere. Since oxygen was so plentiful in these early stages of colonization of land, many of the ancestors of the species we know today grew to enormous sizes. There is evidence that some types of insects grew to be the size of some of the larger types of birds. More heterotrophs could then evolve as there were more food sources. These heterotrophs happened to release carbon dioxide as a waste product of their cellular respiration. The give and take of the autotrophs and heterotrophs were able to keep levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere steady. This give and take continues today.

Information Handling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information Handling - Essay Example There are key terms used in sampling.   They include: -(i)  Population – This refers to the set of units under study.   The study should not go beyond the population i.e. outside the population. (Abell, & Oxbrow, 2001.p. 200).(ii)  Sample - This refers to a part of the population.   It is usually hard to study the population as a whole hence the use of the sample (Grimshaw, 2003p.86).Basically, a sample should reflect the population (Taylor, Farrell, 1994p. 118).   There are ways in which a stratified sample can reflect a population.   For example in our case of Tundra.com, the stratified sample of size 300 can reflect the population (David P. Best (1996.p166p).   This is possible in ways such as: -(i)  Using the proportion of customers given for each group in relation to the total proportion.   Multiplying the total sample size with the proportion for each group will give the sample size.(ii)  Using the variability of expenditure for each group we can co mpute sample proportion.   This is through dividing the variability of expenditure for each group by the total variability and multiplying by the sample size of 300.(iii)  Using the cost per respondent for each group with regards to gathering data can help in giving sample size.Due to the need of Tundra.com to break into the higher education market, an interview has been carried out.   This was aimed at gauging the viability of the market.   It was carried out in London.... It was carried out in London. Summary Different ways were used in finding how a 300 size sample could reflect the population. Other types of stratified random sampling include: - (i) Proportional - This is where samples are taken in proportion to the population. Advantages It is precise. It is clearly representative. Disadvantages Assumes uniformity which is sometimes unrealistic. It requires knowledge which might lack. (ii) Disproportionate - This is where sample is taken without consideration of the population size. Advantages Useful where costs of collecting data differ among subgroups. Helps where different responses from different strata of people are expected. Disadvantages It's abstract in terms sample size determination. Has no uniformity. (iii) Optimal - This is where sampling is made to yield the least attainable variability. Advantages Emphasises optimum allocation of units. It convenient and time saving due to picking of sample units. Disadvantages It's ideal because the specific units may not be readily available. Representativeness of Samples (i) Sample as per proportion of customers This sample seems a bit uniformly spread since it has a smaller range compared to the others. The range is (90 - 18) = 72 (ii) Sample as per variability of expenditure This sample seems to be a poor representative of the population. It is affected by extreme values. It has also a large range of (104 - 13) = 91 (iii) Sample as per data gathering cost per respondent This sample seems to give a dismal result to reflect the population. It has the largest range comparatively i.e. (135 - 13) = 120 Recommendation on Stratified Sampling Methods The stratified random sampling methods which include proportion, optimal and disproportiate methods

Resistance to Civil Government by Henry David Thoreau Essay

Resistance to Civil Government by Henry David Thoreau - Essay Example With a personality that strongly opposes all that which he thinks is wrong, HDT is described as a naturalist or environmentalist, transcendentalist, a pacifist and a tax resister (wikipedia, 2006). It is particularly interesting to note his being a tax resister but not an evader for at length, he argued in his essay why he refused to become a part, to say the least, of a government which he dislikes, or abhor. He also narrated his imprisonment for resisting to pay his tax. For HDT proposes a government with conscience by allowing it, like a non-conscientious corporation to have men in it with conscience. For conscience, as he described, is inherent to all individuals and that individuals must not "resign his conscience to the legislator." HDT bashes the government of his time for "It has not the vitality and force of a single living man; for a single man can bend it to will," meaning that only a handful from an overwhelming majority of citizens control the government like it was their own. He proposes a government with officials or those beholden to it to follow a righteous conscience, of which when exposed to war, and the soldiers and all ranking officers does not will to go and kill or be killed, "peaceably inclined" as he wrote, must not engage in war.

Robots Are Not Human Beings Essay Example for Free

Robots Are Not Human Beings Essay It is almost impossible to create a creature which is exactly the same as humans. Most of the robots can think as logically as we can and they can maybe act approximately the same we do but they hardly ever can show feelings. Not be able to think cognitive is one of the major problems in the short science fiction story â€Å"Liar† by Isaac Asimov. Herbie, a RB-34 robot, has the gift to read others mind. He is also trained not to hurt other peoples feelings. When people ask him something, Herbie gives them the answer they want to hear. The robot does not recognize, however, that with telling them a lie, he is going to hurt their feelings, too. He is not conscious of this issue. When Doctor Calvin explains Herbie his fault, he starts to realize that he always has to tell the truth whether it is good or not. Nevertheless, Herbie cannot change how he is because he is a robot. He was created to always say what the people wanted to know. This is one significant difference between human beings and robots. People can change their thoughts and actions, robots cannot. Calvin and Bogert do not realize at first either that a robot is not like a human being. They both believe that Herbie is like a normal person with extraordinary abilities. They are not aware of problems he might have. Both of them count on what Herbie says without questioning. A good example that demonstrates this behavior is on page 290, where Lanning and Bogert are arguing: â€Å"’you havent any secrets with a mind-reading robot around, so dont forget that I know all about your resignation. ’ The ash on Lannings cigar trembled and fell, and the cigar itself followed, ‘what †¦ what –‘† With the surprising reaction of Lanning we know that what Herbie said is not entirely true. Bogert, nevertheless, really believes that Herbie told him the truth because he thinks that this robot does not make mistakes. Herbie is a genius, and genius do not make faults. This is one of the major mistakes of the characters in the story. A reason why they are doing this is certainly because it is more convenient. You do not have to think about the solution. It is easier just asking a robot. Moreover, the robot tells you what you want to hear. We can also see Herbies lack of human traits in observing his feelings and emotions. Herbie tells Calvin that her lover loves her. He is not afraid of how she is going to feel when she finds out that this is a lie. Herbie does not consider the consequences. He just wants to complete his function and tells her what she wants to know. A normal person would probably not do this because he or she would be aware of the consequences. In addition to that, most of the people would feel bad for the other person at the end. The robot, however, does not understand what he did wrong. Technology made our life easier Many years ago, we were transporting goods by horse. Nowadays, we are that well-developed that we can ship goods by airplane or train all over the world and this fast. Technology made our life a lot easier. In the story, â€Å"The Nine Billion Names of God†, by Arthur C. Clarke, the monks wanted to benefit from this new technology, too. Their plan was to list all the possible names of God. The monks had the idea that it would be a lot easier and faster to get a machine that can evaluate the names for them. It was their belief that with a machine, they could be done in three months. Certainly the machine would complete the mission quickly, but would they still achieve God’s purpose? God’s purpose was that they list all possible names of God. This would have taken them four and a half centuries. With the machines they are going to finish the task earlier and they would save time to do something else. The machines, however, would list the names differently. It would not be handwritten anymore and there would not be so much effort behind it. Moreover, letting machines doing your work makes the work seem less important because it is not you that put the effort into. For example, if I wrote a handwritten letter and shipped it to my friend, she would probably be happier than if I had written her just an email, because it took me more time. Furthermore, I wrote every word. It was not the machine that wrote the word for me. It would be made with more love. The same thing would happen with all the names the monks should list. Maybe the task would not be completed if they do it with a machine because they were not sitting hours behind a desk and writing all the different names. To write down all the names would make them think about who God is and they would realize how important God is for them; this is maybe why God wanted to give them this task. Machines, however, are extremely helpful, effective and useful. They do a lot of work for us so that we can concentrate on other things. We would not live the same lifestyle without machines. I believe, however, that we exaggerate. Some things are still better handmade. It is not necessary to do everything with a machine. I miss, for example, buying my flight tickets with a person. Nowadays, you check in with a machine. There is nobody anymore that takes time for you and wishes you a good flight. I hope that this technology boom is going to decrease and that we find a good balance between using and not using machines. Women rule the world In the past it was common that men worked and earned the money for the family. The womans job was basically staying at the house, cleaning it and looking after the kids. This image was seen during many centuries. In 1910, when the comedy â€Å"Looking Forward†, by Theodore Marston, was written, it was not different. Women did not have the right to vote. This was only available for men. It was seen a lot more, however, that women went working than in the previous centuries. It was obvious, nevertheless, than women who went working were poorer than the women who stayed at home, because women working was not seen as good. When Marstons play came out, it was certainly attracting interest. He demonstrated a completely different life from what they were living at this point. He showed how he thought the world is going to be in 2010 and who is going to rule the nation. For him, women became a political and social majority in 2010. Moreover, the men were not allowed to vote anymore. We can read out of this play that people, mainly men, were aware of women becoming the leading gender. It is possible that they have been looking at the changes over the past years because we can see that with the years, women got more power. For example, until 1855, the women were not allowed to go to college. Therefore, it was impossible for them to get a same degree as the men. In 1910, it was already common for women to go to the same college as men did. This shows that female emancipation has changed rapidity. Maybe this was also the reason why men did not want to give the women the right to vote, because they were aware of women taking over the planet. Marston, however, anticipated that it was not possible to stop women empowerment and that one day women are going to get the right to vote. He was right by his statement. Women got the right to vote in 1989. His statement, however, was that women are going to be the â€Å"political and social majority† in 2010. This is mostly exaggerated. Nevertheless, it is true that women got a lot more involved in political and social contents. Nowadays, we see a lot of powerful women. Also, many countries have a woman as political president, as for example, Germany with Angela Merkel. She is accepted exactly the same way as a men political president would be accepted because people today do not decide because of gender anymore; they are more interested in what this person has to tell the nation and how he or she is going to make changes in a good way for the country. I am impressed, how good the author anticipated the future. It is fairly accurate that women do have a lot more power nowadays. They may not rule the whole world, but as I have shown in different examples, there are many women who have the same power as men do.

The Anasazi Indians Essay -- essays research papers

The Anasazi Indians   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the scattered references made about the ancient Anasazi Indians in Tony Hillerman's A Thief of Time, one can identify several cultural characteristics of this mysterious tribe. One can discover how they lived, where they lived, their religion, simple day to day activities, and mysteries about their culture. Even though many references are made about this tribe, people will never know the truth, for there is an unsolved mystery to why the Anasazi disappeared. Even to this day no one knows what happened to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The location of over 100,000 Anasazi sites have been found outside of Bluff, Utah along the San Juan river. Anasazi Indians were very picky as to where they lived. They chose to dwell in cliffs faced to catch the winter sun and shaded in summer, with enough floodplain to grow something and a source of water. These two story stone dwellings in cliffs were built large enough to fit 30 people in them. There is one odd fact about this: the Anasazi supposedly carried roof beams more than 50 miles from the forests of Mt. Taylor and Chuskas. These Indians lived as small scattered families of hunters and seed gatherers. They developed agriculture, learned to make baskets and irrigate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Anasazi religion was very different compared to other religions of the world. Anasazi Indians chose to bury their dead either in the trash or against walls. The ghosts of the A...

Modern Life Is Very Different from Life 50 Years Ago

Modern life is very different from life 50 years ago. Some people think the changes in our lives have been very positive while others think they have been more negative. What do you think? Fifty years ago life was simpler and some people think things were better back then. While it is true that life today has some negative aspects, I think the modern lifestyle is better than the way people lived in the past. Some people like my grandparents say there were a number of positive things about life when they were growing up.Firstly, they say the pace of life was slower, so families could spend more time together. Everyone in the family came together for special occasions like weddings and Eid. In addition, my grandparents say that the cost of living was lower when they were young. You could easily live on just a few dirhams a day. Lastly, my grandparents said people were healthier in the past because they ate better food then they do today and they got more exercise. They say that people rarely got sick. P However, modern living has a lot of benefits.First of all, the standard of living is much higher today than it was 50 years ago, so people can afford to live well. Secondly, we have much better facilities now, such as good hospitals, roads and schools. Facilities like these were very poor in the past. Another benefit of life today is that we have access to modern technology. This has improved the way we work and communicate. While it is true that life today is more stressful and we often have less time to relax, I would not want to be living the same life as my grandparents did. I am a modern woman and I want to live a modern life. Modern Life Is Very Different from Life 50 Years Ago Modern life is very different from life 50 years ago. Some people think the changes in our lives have been very positive while others think they have been more negative. What do you think? Fifty years ago life was simpler and some people think things were better back then. While it is true that life today has some negative aspects, I think the modern lifestyle is better than the way people lived in the past. Some people like my grandparents say there were a number of positive things about life when they were growing up.Firstly, they say the pace of life was slower, so families could spend more time together. Everyone in the family came together for special occasions like weddings and Eid. In addition, my grandparents say that the cost of living was lower when they were young. You could easily live on just a few dirhams a day. Lastly, my grandparents said people were healthier in the past because they ate better food then they do today and they got more exercise. They say that people rarely got sick. P However, modern living has a lot of benefits.First of all, the standard of living is much higher today than it was 50 years ago, so people can afford to live well. Secondly, we have much better facilities now, such as good hospitals, roads and schools. Facilities like these were very poor in the past. Another benefit of life today is that we have access to modern technology. This has improved the way we work and communicate. While it is true that life today is more stressful and we often have less time to relax, I would not want to be living the same life as my grandparents did. I am a modern woman and I want to live a modern life.

Henry VII and Retaining Essay

Retaining involved magnates taking men into their service, generally involving the payment of fees and sometimes the granting of a distinctive badge or uniform (livery). This practice served the king, in that it allowed him to recruit armies more easily, by making contracts with leading magnates who then provided their retinues for service with the king’s army for a specified time. However, it did allow magnates to retain what were, in effect, ‘private armies’ and, at this could be very detrimental to public order. Thus, kings grew increasingly concerned to control the practice. The major statute of the fifteenth century which tried to limit it was Edward IV’s statute of 1468. This outlawed some forms of retaining, but implicitly allowed others by stating (vaguely) that no unlawful retaining was allowed. In practice, retaining continued after Bosworth. Henry VII’s Attempts to Control Retaining In 1486, Henry persuaded both Houses of Parliament to take an oath promising that they would not retain unlawfully. In all, Henry’s parliaments passed four acts relating to retaining, but three of these did little to change the position that had existed since 1468. According to Chrimes, Henry wished to maintain the practice of retaining, but ‘only so that he himself got the benefit of it for his own purposes’. Chrimes also noted that he sought to repress it ‘insofar as its practice by his subjects redounded to the public disadvantage and the corruption of public order’. Thus, Henry never intended totally to end the practice of retaining, but he did intend to control it. The most significant of Henry’s acts relating to retaining was 19 Henry VII c.14 (1504), which stated that retaining, other than of household servants, was illegal. According to Cameron, this act represented the first occasion  upon which the right of a nobleman to retain was called into question. The act did, however, allow Henry to grant licences to individuals to retain. There are few examples of such licences, but recent research suggests that they were granted to crown stewards and other officials entrusted with the management of royal estates. Prosecutions For Illegal Retaining There were a number of prosecutions before the court of King’s Bench for illegal retaining under Henry VII, e.g.: 1491 – Sir Nicholas Vaux prosecuted for illegally retaining 5 men 1504 – the earl of Northumberland was indicted for illegal retaining (the case was dismissed) There were also some high profile cases later in the reign, e.g. involving the prosecution of Henry’s ally, the earl of Oxford and Lord Burgavenny, who was heavily fined in 1507 for keeping an illegal retinue in Kent (Burgavenny had a long history of violent disorder in Kent).

Schedule Instagram Posts Along With Everything Else - CoSchedule

Schedule Instagram Posts Along With Everything Else With its 500 million active users, Instagram can help you reach your audience in a social network they already love. But†¦ the in-the-moment nature of posting to Instagram makes it difficult for marketers to strategically capture the opportunity. With for Instagram, the newest feature in your favorite marketing calendar, you’ll go from spontaneous to strategic.  That  means you’ll quit forgetting to post on Instagram! Now you’ll post to Instagram with a few easy clicks, schedule your Instagram content where you plan everything else, and collaborate with your team better than ever. Start scheduling to  Instagram with now! Finally! Plan all of your content + social media in one place! Including #Instagram!Quit Forgetting To Post On Instagram Already! Get notified on your phone when it’s time to post  so you don’t miss out on consistently reaching your followers. Begin by scheduling  Instagram posts in your  calendar where you organize everything else. Then rock  the all-new for  Instagram app on your mobile device, available on the Apple App Store and Google Play Store. Quit forgetting to post on #Instagram with !Youll receive push notification reminders when youve scheduled  messages for  Instagram! Your reminders come with a beautiful  preview, so youll know exactly what youre posting at a glance. Now youll  proactively schedule your Instagram content so you quit forgetting to post on Instagram! Post To Instagram With A Few Easy Clicks Eliminate copying and pasting your messages by using the tool designed to do it for you! Get content from your calendar into Instagram with an easier process than ever before. The for  Instagram mobile app not only reminds you when its time to post. It gives you the content  youve planned so you can share to Instagram with a few easy clicks. You can also post, reschedule, or delete missed messages in seconds. Plan your content and get it into Instagram easily with ! Post to #Instagram with a few easy clicks! Heres how:Schedule Instagram Alongside Everything Else Consolidate your toolset! Easily schedule Instagram messages (even for multiple accounts) where you manage all of your social media posts and other content in . You can now schedule  Instagram-specific campaigns all in one place. And you can include Instagram messages as  one network of many for your social media campaigns! Plus, you can manage content for multiple Instagram accounts with  one calendar. That gets you organized  while you consolidate your toolset. Have multiple calendars? You can still easily manage all of your Instagram accounts with one  for Instagram mobile app. Manage all of your social media scheduling in one place! Schedule #Instagram content alongside everything else!Go From Spontaneous To Strategic Get a real return from a planned posting schedule. Schedule your Instagram messages in advance to post truly Insta-worthy content at the best times for engagement. Plan Instagram projects with Social Campaigns to organize messages in one place. Streamline your process and take the tedious work out of posting to Instagram! Now youll plan what youll post in advance on a calendar designed to help you manage your entire social media schedule. View previews of how your messages will appear on Instagram, and see your complete posting plan. Youll  eliminate the stress behind the in-the-moment nature of posting to Instagram! Plus, you can eliminate the guesswork of determining when to post with Best Time Scheduling.  Youll automatically schedule messages at the highest active time for Instagram to increase your reach! Collaborate Better Than Ever On Instagram Projects Empower your team to work together more effectively with easy, customizable workflows and communication (without the overwhelming email strings). Planning multiple Instagram campaigns? Manage your process more efficiently with customizable task templates in . Easily assign tasks (complete with due dates) to team members to make sure your Instagram projects get done on time, every time! Your discussion for the project lives in for everyone to see, eliminating missed emails and miscommunication! Start Scheduling Your Instagram Content Where You Organize Everything Else! Scheduling to Instagram is available on all new calendars. The for Instagram mobile app is available on the Google Play Store and Apple App Store. So start scheduling to Instagram now! Plus, in addition to Instagram, these seven  amazing new features just launched in your favorite marketing calendar over the past few months: Social Analytics: Measure the success of your social messages and prove the ROI of the work you do! A New User Experience:  Organize your content- and your team- more efficiently than ever. ReQueue: Automatically reuse your best social messages (without the manual busywork). Social Tagging: Tag any Facebook Page or Twitter handle without jumping from one social network to the next. Social Video:  Manage, schedule, and share all of your social media videos in one place. Social Campaigns: Organize and create a series of social messages (in one project) to drip out days, weeks, and even months after publish. Social Templates: Schedule messages in bulk (and remove the tedious process of manual scheduling). ^ Now thats a lot of organization! And theres a lot more in store for you when you rock as your social media and marketing calendar. Start now with a 14-day free trial of the worlds #1 best-selling marketing editorial calendar!

3 Examples of Mismatched Inflectional Endings

3 Examples of Mismatched Inflectional Endings 3 Examples of Mismatched Inflectional Endings 3 Examples of Mismatched Inflectional Endings By Mark Nichol When verbs serve parallel functions within a sentence, they should be treated with the same inflectional ending (-s/-es, -ed, or -ing) or should both have no inflectional ending at all. In each of the following examples, discussions explain this point in greater detail, and revisions illustrate adherence to this rule. 1. Below, we outline the main areas where the majority of companies are falling behind as well as highlighting insights and best practices from leading firms. Here, the sentence erroneously suggests that falling and highlighting are corresponding verbs, but the verb that the latter word corresponds to is outline, and it should therefore also have no inflectional ending: â€Å"Below, we outline the main areas where the majority of companies are falling behind as well as highlight insights and best practices from leading firms.† 2. The document should describe company conformity and adherence to the principles as well as containing information about how the company will handle the issue. The form of the verb following â€Å"as well as† should match that of the sentence’s first verb: â€Å"The document should describe company conformity with and adherence to the principles as well as contain information about how the company will handle the issue.† (Note, too, that conformity and adherence require distinct prepositions.) 3. This scale typically starts at level 1 and matures through levels 2, 3, and ultimately reaching level 4. The verb preceding the final list item should match the others (note other revisions, too): â€Å"This scale typically starts at level 1, matures through levels 2 and 3, and ultimately reaches level 4.† (Reaching is correct if the sentence is revised as follows: â€Å"This scale typically starts at level 1 and matures through levels 2 and 3, ultimately reaching level 4.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"For Sale vs. On SaleMankind vs. Humankind

Jordanian Arabic Phonology and Morphology Essay

Jordanian Arabic Phonology and Morphology - Essay Example As the report declares a major difference in the syllabic inventory of the two languages is in the presence of the super-heavy syllable of the form CVVC in Arabic and its dialects. This does not exist in the syllable-structure in English. Although there are many other points of difference between English and Jordanian Arabic from the phonological point of view, including rules of transformation and optimality theoretical constraints, the discussion has been restricted here to these basic points of difference. This paper compares the two languages- English and Jordanian Arabic- in terms of the morphology that characterizes them. One of the principal characteristics of Semitic morphology is its being non-linear or non-concatenative: instead of morphemes being placed linearly before the stem as prefixes and suffixes as in English, the morphemic structure of Semitic words is characterized by two or more morphemes interwoven within each other in a discontinuous fashion. One morpheme is inserted into another in certain slots of the word-stem structure. Neither the root-morpheme nor the morpheme to which it is attached (also called the template) free. They are both bound morphemes and only when a certain root and a template merge a definite word is completely specified phonologically, morphologically and semantically. In the case of third-person pronouns, English has he/she/it for singular while Jordanian Arabic has a dichotomy: objects ending with â€Å"taa’ murboota† take the pro noun â€Å"hiyeh† and rest take â€Å"howa†.

Writing Successful Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Writing Successful Essays - Essay Example Coca-Cola became an international sensation and with the use of celebrities and now further trough their mobile units to connect more with people (dbase media, Coca-Cola Takes New Marketing Strategy) the brand has made good use of advertising. It also cosponsored major sports events such as the super bowl to its advantage. Through the expansion the company has made in setting up factories in developing countries Coca-Cola is able to cut down their cost of production due to cheap labor. However, the do manage to help the economy by creating new jobs as in Africa where 12000 jobs plus have been created (Coca-Cola, Supporting Small Business Development) and they donate a large amount to charity as well. Thus Coca-Cola not only manages to target their consumers through savvy use of advertising and marketing all the while increasing their sales but also helps the local economy of the countries they sell in making it an overwhelming brand. Following the three major concepts provided below as headings, create a model of argument structure by filling in more concepts related to the ones given here, then write down an argument about the structure you have created. Large corporations such as Coca-Cola have invested a large amount in taking the company from its small town business to a multi national corporation that it is today. With the expansion of the business the company has sought to set up factories in areas where it benefits them most in terms of costs and consumption. On the other hand, how exactly do companies such as these effect the economic health of the nation in which they build factories or decide to sell in. These effects could both be positive or negative. Coca-Cola has, from the time of its humble birth in 1886, till now has managed to take up a large amount of the global market for soft-drinks. It was concocted by Dr. John Stith Pemberton who sold the mixture at the local pharmacy at a

Introduction to Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Introduction to Psychology - Essay Example Neurons have three structural classifications which are Dendrites, Cell body, and the Axon. The bushy Dendrite fibers are shaggy subdivisions of a neuron that receive information and conduct it towards the cell body. From there the axon fibers forward the information to other neurons or to muscles or glands. The axon has terminal fibers at its end and the message passes through these fibers from one neuron to next. After the information reaches the axon, it then moves down in the form of an electrical signal which is called action potential. Unlike the short dendrites, axons are sometimes very long projecting several feet throughout the body. When the electrical impulse reaches the end of an axon, the information is then transmitted across the synaptic gap to the dendrites of the neighboring neuron. Synapse or synaptic gap is the gap between axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite and cell body of receiving neuron. Sometimes, the electrical signal can bridge the gap between the neurons instantaneously and continue along its path. Otherwise, neurotransmitters send the information from one neuron to the next. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that navigate the synaptic space between neurons. As the sending neuron releases the neurotransmitter, it then travels through the synapse and moves on to the receptor sites on the receiving neurons and thus it influences the neuron to produce a neural impulse. Each neuron in the Each neuron in the brain is itself a tiny gadget that has intricate functions. From hundred and thousands of other neurons, it receives signals on its dendrites and cell body. Some of these signals are excitatory, somewhat like pushing a neuron's accelerator. Other signals are inhibitory, more like pushing its break. A particular level of stimulation called the threshold is needed to activate a neural impulse. If the excitatory signals outvote the inhibitory signals and they are more than a minimum intensity, the collective signals give rise to an action potential. The action potential transmits down the axon, which branches into junctions with thousands of other neurons and with the body's muscles and glands. The release of neurotransmitters is activated when the action potential reaches the terminal branches of the axon. The neurotransmitter molecules take less than a second to cross the synaptic gap and attaching to receptor sited of receiving neurons. The neurotransmitter releases minute channels at the receiving site in an instant, allowing the electrically charged atoms to enter the receiving neuron and thus exciting or inhibiting its speediness to fire. Excess neurotransmitters are absorbed by the sending neuron in a procedure known as reuptake. Neurons have three structural and functional classifications. On a structural basis the neurons are classified as Multipolar neurons, Bipolar neurons and Unipolar neurons. Multipolar neurons have one axon and several dendrites. Brain and spinal cord neurons are generally multipolar neurons. Bipolar neurons have one axon and one dendrite. These neurons are mostly found the retina of the eye, the olfactory area and the inner ear. Neurons with just one process extending from the cell body are known as unipolar neurons. In that one process, one part acts as an axon and other part functions as a dendrite. On functional basis neurons are classified as Sensory, Motor, and inter Neurons. Sensory Neurons also called the efferent neurons takes impulses from the sense receptors in the skin, the sense organs and the large

Group Excluded from International Human Rights

Group Excluded from International Human Rights Human Rights Human rights, as explained by the great English philosopher and thinker John Locke, are natural and unalienable rights (life, liberty, and property) inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, sex, color, religion or language. All men are created equal, everyone is entitled to the human rights without any discrimination. Most human rights are guaranteed by the Constitution, state laws, and international treaties. International human rights law promotes and protects human rights by laying certain pressure upon governments. But even though there are many laws created to protect everyones human rights, certain people are being excluded from their rights by different levels of government, such as the poor homeless whose liberty is limited by the state government, Zapatistas whose life and property is taken by the Mexican National Government, and French Muslims whose freedom of religion is violated by the French National Government. Los Angeles is once a beautiful and luxurious heaven. But now Los Angeles state government is fighting war, a war with its own citizens living inside the state. Fortress Los Angeles: The Militarization of Urban Space (Davis, 1), this is the title Davis gave to his research paper, but it is also his feeling toward the state of Los Angeles. Everywhere in the city is the frontline of war. Stop building toilets, special designed bus benches, fancy garbage to protect fishheads and stale French fires, and outdoor sprinklers, those are all policy decision made by the government to fight the citys war on the poor homeless. They tried their best to eliminate or remove homeless from the city by violating the human rights that homeless should be entitled to. But while the government is violating the human rights, they claim that they are promoting human rights by protecting people from danger, but they exclude homeless from the definition of word people. Collective human rights, those are what government is claiming about. They always try to protect majoritys rights by excluding certain peoples human rights. Rights and Human Rights, huge differences, but government never recognizes it, they just called them human rights regardless of the differences. They make the policy that will discriminate and deny the liberty of homeless to protect majority from possible danger. The government should not define homeless as dangerous just because some homeless people are dangerous and harmful. For public-housing tenants and inhabitants of narcotic-enforcement zones, the loss of freedom is the price of security (Davis, 6) As stated by the author Mike Davis, one of the three primary human rights, liberty is taken by the government from the homeless to ensure other peoples safety from possible danger, this should not be called collective human rights, but the power of government to protect people who make profit for the government. Similarly, people, especially children, in Central and S outh America are excluded from the protection of human rights imposed by the law. Their organs will be taken without their permission and sold to other rich countries, leave them with a horrible body for the rest of their life. The organ-stealing stories were told, remembered, and circulated because they were true at that indeterminate level between the real, the surreal and the uncanny (Scheper-Hughes, 36) Even though organ stealing is so wide spread and known by everyone, Government never tried to stop it, or maybe it is even promoting it to make profit. So it is clear that poor homeless is excluded totally from the protection of government for their human rights, even if the constitution, and international laws expressly guarantee everyone will be treated equally by the government. Only liberty is taken by the state government from homeless, but in some area even life and property is taken by the national government. On New Years Day, 1994, Zapatista rebels in Chiapas, Mexico, confronted the Mexican government with demands for basic human rights (Messer, 319). That is the start of the revolution inside the border of Mexico and the reason why Zapatistas fight against the Mexican government. People in Chiapas were discriminated against, their only property, land is also taken by the government. With nothing to lose, they started revolution, and created a border within the Mexican border. In the video, a place called Chiapas, the life of Chiapas people was presented. They were poor before revolution, but with the land they own, they can still live. But the Mexican government took the land from them to develop modern cities which cause Chiapas people to be abused by riches. Again, it is the problem of collective human rights conflicting with individual human rights. This time national government claims that they are protecting the benefit and rights of people inside Chiapas while taking away everythi ng they own and force people there to become terrorists. Maybe war is not a right choice, but it is Chiapas peoples only choice. Without revolution, they are all going to die due to the poor condition there. Collective Human Rights, as claimed by the national government, is just a joke. Without individual human rights, no collective human rights can be achieved. Without those lands, all Chiapas people are going to hunger to die, then what would be the use of collective human rights toward the dead people? Life, liberty and property, only those three primary human rights being protected well, then other things can be done by the government. Similar conditions occur in the process of progress. People and place which are being progressed have lost many. People would lose the right to their every day practice because the land is taken by the government. They are forced to change their diet which causes new diseases to appear in the local places, and reduce the health condition of the lo cal people. Overall, the available data seem to indicate that the dietary changes that are linked to involvement in the world-market economy have tended to lower rather than raise the nutritional levels of the affected tribal peoples (Bodley, 3) Progress is great thing, but with great prices. Freedom of choosing food and life of local people are taken during the process of progress. So individual rights should be considered first, and then collective rights can be done. So again, even though the international treaties lay down the obligation of protecting everyones human rights upon governments, some people are excluded from them because of collective human rights. Similar problem, but different salutation has occurred in France, this time it involves freedom of religion. Muslims in the France is always treated different, not only because of their religion, but also because of their dressing. So French government created laws that banned any Muslims to wear headscarves that have religious meanings. The reasons French government gave for this law is that For many non-Muslim French, they (headscarves) represent multiple dangers to the Republic: the oppression of women, urban violence, international terrorism, and the general refusal of Muslim immigrants to integrate into the broader society (Bowen, 31). So this seems to be a problem about collective human rights and individual human rights, but is it? It is not. A republic can exist with symbols of different religion. Freedom of religion, this should be guaranteed by any kind of republic. So this time there is no collective human rights involving at all. It is purely that French government taking away rights from Muslims without any legitimate reason. Liberty, one of the three primary human rights is vi olated by the French government. Not only that, the law they make actually may create diversity inside the nation since only Muslims are treated differently by the government. So with all those violations, Muslims in French are forced to change their way of life. They stop going to Mosques and practicing their religious activities. While all those rights are being violated, French government is still claiming they are promoting rights of the citizen living inside the republic. France is now outlawing Muslims and treats Muslims not as citizens of France, but a group of people who may cause diversity and terrorism inside France. French Republic is the official name of France, but is it a true republic? Before French government stop outlawing certain group of people inside the nation, France is never a true republic. So again individual human rights should always be the primary thing any government should think about before imposing laws or making decision. But there are always some pl aces where law cannot reach, thus create exclusion or discrimination. Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments of constitution created as the supreme law of the land to protect human rights in U.S. and other countries have similar laws. Above all, international human rights law is created to ensure everyones rights in the whole world. But it only lays down the obligation upon the government, if government will not enforce it, then human rights of people will not be protected. French Muslims, Zapatistas, and urban homeless are the examples of government exclusion. So even though every government claim that everyone will be treated equally and everyones human rights will be protected by the government, some people are not under the protection of government and suffering. Work Cited Bodley, John. The Price of Progress. Victims of Progress 1998, 137-151 Bowen, John. Muslims and Citizens. Boston Review Feb/Mar. 2004: 31-35. Davis, Mike. Fortress Los Angeles: The Militarization of Urban Space. City of Quartz, Fortress LA Messer, Ellen. Anthropologists in a World with and without Human Rights. Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines. Ed. Jeremy MacClancy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002. 319-337 Scheper-Hughes. Nancy. Min(d)ing the Body: On the Trail of Organ-Stealing Rumors. Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines. Ed. Jeremy MacClancy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002. 33-63 A Place Called Chiapas. 2006. online video clip. Google Video. Accessed on 05 December, 2009.

Their Eyes Were Watching God :: essays research papers

From the time Janie was a child she had problems fitting in with her peers. This was partly because of her nice clothing, wonderful complexion, and long beautiful hair. Janie's grandmother encouraged her to be different from her peers. She wanted to make up for her past mistakes raising children by having Janie become the person that she never was able to be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During Janie's early childhood she plays with the grandchildren of Ms. Washburn. It isn't until Janie is six years old that she realizes that she is black and different from Ms. Washburn's grandchildren. When Janie starts to attend school she is treated differently. Her classmates do not give Janie a chance to be friendly instead they decide Janie considers herself better than they are. This attitude causes Janie to make no friends at school.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Janie is sixteen years old her grandmother marries her off to a potato farmer named Logan Killicks. Janie's grandmother feels that Janie needs to be married to a man that can take care of her so that she isn't wasted on someone who can not support her. The marriage to Logan does not work out for Janie. Logan sees her as a spoiled child who needs to learn to be a farm wife. Logan becomes one of the many people who do not give Janie a chance to be herself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During her marriage to Logan Janie meets Joe Starks and runs off with him. Janie desperately wants Joe to be the one person to understand her and love her. However, what Joe sees in Janie is that she has class and he wants to make her one of his possessions. Janie's marriage to Joe looks ideal to many of the townspeople but on the inside she is very unhappy and still yearning to be loved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Joe dies many years later Janie meets a younger man named Tea Cake. She leaves the small town to Eatonville with him and they are married. It is with Tea Cake that Janie is finally happy. Living with him in the muck with the migrant workers Janie is able to discover her self, what she can do, and how fulfilling true love is.

Compensation Consultants Essay

Compensation consultants are now becoming a popular tool to assist company in managing their compensation program and corporate governance strategies. However, there are both pros and cons in using compensation consultants. On one hand, there are some clear benefits; firstly, compensation consultants can provide expert knowledge, for example, insight and advice on trends in executive compensation, an assessment of executive compensation relative to executive performance; and insight and advice on the level and mix of pay and benefits (Conyon, 2007). Although, compensation consultants are viewed as external third parties providing solutions of optimal efficient managerial compensation contracts to align the benefits of both the employee and employer in the most fair and unbiased way. They have the ability to help the firm maximize shareholder’s value by designing compensation schemes that more closely align the interests of managers with shareholders since they can bring breadth and depth of experienced from handling similar problems and benchmarking comparable (peer group) firms especially when there is high information asymmetry between different parties. Other benefits include cost reduction in recruiting/rewarding process and efficient allocation of resources by taking the tasks away from human resource, compensation committee and shareholders who may not have the knowledge and experience in determining senior executive pay package. On the other hand, there are some drawbacks in hiring compensation consultants. Firstly, compensation consultants face potential conflicts of interest that can lead to higher recommended levels of CEO pay, including the desires to cross-sell services and to secure repeat business. Evidence shows that US CEOs receive about 18% more total compensation, and Canadian CEOs receive about 33% more, when their executive compensation consultant also provides other services to the firm (Murphy & Sandino, 2010). They are more likely to help executives by pushing for higher compensations in hope of being rewarded with more consultants services with the company as such firms that hire compensation consultants are more likely to have higher CEO compensation levels than those that have not hired a consultant (Voulgaris, et al. 2010) (Goh & Gupta, 2010). However, contrary to the study of Murphy & Sandino 2010, some scholars found that the potential conflict of interest between the firm and consultant is not a primary driver of excessive CEO pay. Their explanation is that opposing incentives to maintain consultants’ credibility or safeguards put in place by compensation committees limit actions taken with regard to cross-selling incentives (Cadman, et al. , 2010). Secondly, consultant fees can be substantial; thus, the company should weigh the costs/benefits to determine whether hiring a consultant is appropriate. Thus, in my view, compensation consultants may not be part of agency problems but rather a solution to the problem of designing an optimal executive pay contract that aligns the interests of both the employee and employer if the firm can strengthen and promote transparency in its hiring process to maximize shareholder’s values.

Differences in Socioeconomic Status

Three social factors that most impact the scenario are social stratification, socioeconomic status, and class differences. Social stratification ranks individuals and families on the basis of their income, education, occupation, wealth, and power in society. This social stratification can be seem in the eighth grade boys that showed up at the Valentine’s Day dance with the rented tuxes that their parents had agreed to and paid for. These parents are mentioned to be among the more affluent in the community. Socioeconomic status is determined by a family’s income and wealth. This is demonstrated in the students that did not have the money to rent the tuxedos and the rumored limo. These students being from a different socioeconomic background and could not afford the expensive attire. Class differences are demonstrated because of some students wanting to boycott the dance because they were told only the nerds and the geeks would show up in anything less of a tux or formal dress. Their parents do not have extra money to spend on such elaborate things. The other students express behaviors and dress standards far from what the school has seen before. A variable solution to the Differences in Socioeconomic Status scenario would be for the school administration to intervene the situation. They could decide to make it mandatory that only a certain type of dress will be considered acceptable for the Valentine’s Day dance. They could change it to where all students would be able to afford the required attire. This way all students would feel equal. Also the kids that wanted to rent the limo would probably change their mind because of it not being such a formal event. It would seem sort of silly to rent a limo for a casual Valentine’s Day dance. This issue of what attire should be addressed in a school assembly to let all students know of the dress code for the dance. This way it will not be such an issue in the years to come afterwards. Students will already know what to expect and be prepared for it.

Love in Different Cultures of the World

Love in Different Cultures of the World Analysis of the Word In most cultures of the world, love is something that is highly cherished. As Anker (2004) notes, most of the world’s cultures lay a lot of emphasis on love. The culture from which this word was taken is not different. Swahili culture is found along the coast of Kenya and Tanzania, which are two neighboring countries in Africa. Penda has a very strong cultural sense and it raises emotions whenever it is mentioned. The word may not find its rightful meaning in English due to the meaning that is attached to it by this society. It is something that is almost worshipped, even though it is not always the case. It finds its closest meaning in the word love. The sentence ‘nakupenda kipenzi’ is a heavily loaded word. It is an expression of a deep passion, a strong sense of adoration and the need to be together always. In a normal English phrase, it would translate to ‘I love you my love’. Taken in its real context, it is beyond this Engli sh word. The love is close to worship.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Love in Different Cultures of the World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The society in which this word was taken value romance. They value relationships between couples. They generated other words to describe the feeling that two individuals would develop towards each other when in love and the best word that came out among the rest was penda. In pronunciation, the word should come out in a hushed up tone, with a sense of romance. Penda should be the right pronunciation. The first syllable should come out with a flat intonation, followed by a falling intonation just to bring emotions attached to the word. The love for romance saw them restrict the use of the word hence limiting its use to express the feelings between two lovers and one’s love for the country. Chomsky (1973) says that this society strongly believed that the word could only be used to show one is ready to sacrifice his or her life for the sake of that which he or she is expressing his or her feelings. The word penda was used selectively and in rare occasions. In fact, Gouran, Wiethoff and Doelger (1994) report that the society never tolerated people who misused the word. The word was meant for special occasions to express strong and genuine convictions towards certain people, one’s country or something of value. As Meyer and Bock (1992) note, in its original context, this word could only be used when talking about issues that the society in general valued. This meant that it could not be used in reference to things the society considered childish or of lesser value (Andriacco, 2001). Words such as ‘Sara anapenda doli’ (Sara loves dolls), would therefore lack meaning. This is because the society never valued this item and it was something that was associated with young children who were taken not to know what love really meant.Adver tising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This word was used to express the deepest feelings. Schutz (1958) lamented that English vocabulary is limited of words. As used in the sentence ‘Charles na Joan wanapendana’ (Charles and Joan are in love), this sentence expresses the strong bond built out of a strong feeling of the need to belong together. The sentence, Wale ni wapendanao (Those are lovers) has this emotional touch but from an observer’s standpoint. This is the same meaning of the sentence, ‘naipenda nchi yangu’ (I love my country). Patriotism was then a cherished virtue in the society. Patriots of war were generously rewarded for their contribution in protecting the society. In many societies, just like in this society, love for ones country was a virtue that was encouraged because it was only through this that an individual would be in a p osition to defend the country if need would arise (Zueschner, 1997). For that matter, the word has the correct traditional meaning. As time went by, this society started mingling with other societies. New things that never existed before came into existence. Words had to be developed to express the new feeling or name new objects (Stern, Weinrib, 1978). There was need to expand the meaning of existing words to accommodate the diversified culture due to interactivity of many cultures in this cosmopolitan region. The word had to take a relaxed meaning. It had to be used to express the feeling of liking. As Tannen (1990) notes, the word was diluted along the way. Sentences such as Alex anapenda Manchester United (Alex loves Manchester United FC), and Solomoni apenda kuzuru. (Solomoni loves tours and travels) gained acceptance. The society had to relax its meaning of this word (Trenholm, 1995). In the current society, the word has assumed quite a liberal meaning. Although it remains a single word expressing love or adoration in the best way possible, the word can now be used to express simple liking of things within the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Love in Different Cultures of the World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two sentences, Solomoni apenda kuzuru. (Solomoni loves tours and travels), Waamerika wanapenda amani (Americans love peace), and Napenda chai. (I love tea), reflect this. The sentences show a liking of an item but not to the point of adoration. References Andriacco, D. (2001). Screen saved: Peril and promise of media in ministry. Cincinnati, OH: Saint Anthony Messenger Press Franciscan Communications. Anker, R. M. (2004). Catching light: Looking for God in the movies. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Chomsky, N. (1973). Focus on the learner. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House Gouran, D., Wiethoff, G., Doelger, J. (1994). Mastering communication(2nd ed). Boston: Allyn an d Bacon. Meyer, A., Bock, K. (1992). The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? Memory Cognition, 20(1), 715-726. Schutz, W. (1958). Firo: A three-dimensional theory of interpersonal behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Stern, H., Weinrib, A. (1978). Language teaching and linguistics: Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tannen, D. (1990). You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: William Morrow. Trenholm, S. (1995). Thinking through communication: An Introduction to the study of human communication. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Zueschner, R. (1997). Communicating Today. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Maitai J. (2011). An ins in Sentence Nakupenda kipenzi. (I love you my love)  Source: Maitai J. (2011). An in-depth analysis of Swahili culture. Nairobi. McMillan Publishers Limited. (p. 25) Napenda chai. (I love tea)  Source: Maitai J. (2011). An in-depth analysis of Swahili culture. Nairobi. McMillan Publishers Limited. (p. 31) Charles na Joan wanapendana. (Charles and Joan are in love).  Source: Maitai J. (2011). An in-depth analysis of Swahili culture. Nairobi. McMillan Publishers Limited. (p. 21) Alex anapenda Manchester United. (Alex loves Manchest er United FC)  Source: Maitai J. (2011). An in-depth analysis of Swahili culture. Nairobi. McMillan Publishers Limited. (p. 45) Solomoni apenda kuzuru. (Solomoni loves tours and travels)  Source: Maitai J. (2011). An in-depth analysis of Swahili culture. Nairobi. McMillan Publishers Limited. (p. 78) Isaac anapenda siasa. (Isaac loves politics)  Source: Maitai J. (2011). An in-depth analysis of Swahili culture. Nairobi. McMillan Publishers Limited. (p. 23) Waamerika wanapenda amani. (Americans loves peace)  Source: Maitai J. (2011). An in-depth analysis of Swahili culture. Nairobi. McMillan Publishers Limited. (p. 78) Sara anapenda doli. (Sara loves dolls)  Source: Maitai J. (2011). An in-depth analysis of Swahili culture. Nairobi. McMillan Publishers Limited. (p. 19) Wale ni wapendanao. (Those are lovers)  Source: Maitai J. (2011). An in-depth analysis of Swahili culture. Nairobi. McMillan Publishers Limited. (p. 71) Naipeda nchi yangu. (I love my country)  Source: Maitai J. (2011). An in-depth analysis of Swahili culture. Nairobi. McMillan Publishers Limited. (p. 63)

The Process of Patent Assignment

The Process of Patent Assignment Assignment has two related meanings in the world of inventing and patenting. For trademarks,  an assignment  is a transfer of ownership of a trademark application or trademark registration from one entity to another, and for patents, an assignment involves the sale and transfer of ownership of a patent by the assignor to the assignee. The assignee is the entity that is the recipient of a transfer of a patent application, patent, trademark application, or trademark registration from its owner on record, the assignor. In patent assignments, the assignor will make an instant profit off of selling its patent, while the assignee gets rights to royalties and all future profits from the invention. You can assign the ownership of a patent application or patent. For all U.S. patents, assignments are recorded with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Assignment Services Division to keep the title clear  to pending patent applications and patents;  assignments can be searched on the USPTO website. Assignments arent always a voluntary transaction. For instance, an employee invention may be mandatorily assigned by an employee to the employer because of the contract that the employee has signed. For this reason, there are a number of laws and regulations surrounding patent assignments  that govern how the patent is handled and who owns individual patents. In contrast to patent licensing, an assignment is an irrevocable and permanent transfer of ownership. How to Apply Whether youre hoping to change ownership to another entity or party through assignment or hoping to change the name of a patent while its pending approval, you need to fill out an official Patent Assignment Recordation Coversheet by completing online forms at the USPTOs Assignment Recordation Branch website. This online system, known as the Electronic Patent Assignment System (EPAS), can be used to submit your cover sheet and supporting legal documentation online, which the USPTO will then process. If you are unsure about whether your patent has been granted an assignment, you can search  the database of all recorded patent assignment information, which dates back to 1980. For patents earlier than 1980, you can go to the National Archives and Records Administration and request a copy of accompanying paperwork. How Long It Takes and Why According to the USPTO, getting a patent can take up to three years, so if youre hoping to start making money off of a new invention, selling the patent for your product and applying for a patent assignment may be the fastest way to actually see a return of investment on your new creation. Although the patent application assignment wont get your patent faster, it can assure the inventor and assignee are protected when it comes to ownership and rights. As a result, an assignment may be appropriate where the patent owner prefers to receive a lump-sum price at the time of the assignment rather than collecting royalties. Since a patent prevents other manufacturers from re-creating and selling your original concept, both you and the assignee would benefit from ensuring that once the invention becomes officially patented, it belongs to the right individual and no one else.

Funnel Beaker Culture - First Farmers of Scandinavia

Funnel Beaker Culture - First Farmers of Scandinavia The Funnel Beaker Culture is the name of the first farming society in northern Europe and Scandinavia. There are several names for this culture and related cultures: Funnel Beaker Culture is abbreviated FBC, but it is also known by its German name Tricherrandbecher or Trichterbecher (abbreviated TRB) and in some academic texts it is simply recorded as Early Neolithic 1. Dates for the TRB/FBC vary depending on the exact region, but the period generally lasted between 4100-2800 calendar years BC (cal BC), and the culture was based in western, central and northern Germany, the eastern Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, and most parts of Poland. The FBC history is one of a slow transition from a Mesolithic subsistence system based strictly on hunting and gathering to one of full-fledged farming of domesticated wheat, barley, legumes, and herding of domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats. Distinguishing Traits The main distinguishing trait for FBC is a pottery form called funnel beaker, a handle-less drinking vessel shaped like a funnel. These were hand-built from local clay and decorated with modeling, stamping, incising, and impressing. Elaborate flint and groundstone axes and jewelry made of amber are also in Funnel Beaker assemblages. TRB/FBC also brought the first use of the wheel and plow in the region, the production of wool from sheep and goats, and the increased use of animals for specialized tasks. The FBC were also involved in extensive trade outside of the region, for large flint tools from flint mines, and for the latter adoption of other domestic plants (such as poppy) and animals (cattle). Gradual Adoption The exact date of the entry of domesticated plants and animals from the near east (via the Balkans) into northern Europe and Scandinavia varies with the region. The first sheep and goats were introduced into northwestern Germany 4,100-4200 cal BC, along with TRB pottery. By 3950 cal BC those traits were introduced into Zealand. Before the advent of the TRB, the region was occupied by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, and, by all appearances, the change from Mesolithic lifeways to Neolithic farming practices was a slow one, with full-time agriculture taking between several decades to nearly 1,000 years to be fully adopted. The Funnel Beaker culture represents a massive economic shift from almost total dependence on wild resources to a diet based on tended cereals and domestic animals, and it was accompanied by a newly sedentary mode of life in complex settlements, the erection of elaborate monuments, and the use of pottery and polished stone tools. As with the Linearbandkeramic in central Europe, there is some  debate about whether the change was caused by migrants into the region or adoption of new techniques by the local Mesolithic people: it was likely a little of both. Farming and sedentism led to population increases and as the FBC societies became more complex they also became socially stratified. Changing Landuse Practices One important piece of the TRB/FBC in northern Europe involved a drastic change in land use. The darkly forested woodlands of the region were environmentally impacted by the new farmers expanding their cereal fields and pastured areas and by timber exploitation for building construction. The most important impact of these was the construction of pasturages. The use of deep forest for cattle foraging is not unknown  and is practiced even today in some places in Britain, but the TRB people in northern Europe and Scandinavia deforested some areas for this purpose. Cattle came to play a prominent role in the switch to permanent farming in the temperate zones: they served as a food storage mechanism, surviving on fodder to produce milk and meat for their humans over the winter. Plant Use Cereals used by TRB/FBC were mostly emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum) and naked barley (Hordeum vulgare) and lesser amounts of free-threshing wheat (T. aestivum/durum/turgidum), einkorn wheat (T. monococcum), and spelt (Triticum spelta). Flax (Linum usitatissimum), peas (Pisum sativum) and other pulses, and poppy (Papaver somniferum) as an oil plant. Their diets continued to include gathered foods such as hazelnut (Corylus), crab apple (Malus, sloe plums (Prunus spinosa), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), and blackberry (R. frruticosus). Depending on the region, some FBC harvested fat hen (Chenopodium album), acorn (Quercus), water chestnut (Trapa natans), and hawthorn (Crataegus). Funnel Beaker Life   The new northern farmers lived in villages made up of small short-term houses made of poles. But there were public structures in the villages, in the form of ditched enclosures. These enclosures were circular to oval systems made up of ditches and banks, and they varied in size and shape  but included few buildings within the ditches. A gradual change in burial customs is in evidence at TRB sites. The earliest forms associated with TRB are substantial burial monuments which were communal burials: they began as individual graves, but were reopened again and again for later burials. Eventually, the wooden supports of the original chambers were replaced with stone, creating impressive passage graves with central chambers and roofs made of glacial boulders, some covered with earth or small stones. Thousands of megalithic tombs were created in this fashion. Flintbek The introduction of the wheel into northern Europe and Scandinavia occurred during the FBC. That evidence was found at the archaeological site of Flintbek, located in the Schleswig-Holstein region of northern Germany, about 8 kilometers (5 miles) from the Baltic coast near the town of Kiel. The site is a cemetery containing at least 88 Neolithic and Bronze Age burials. The overall Flintbek site is that of a long, loosely connected chain of grave mounds, or barrows, approximately 4 km (3 mi) long and .5 km (.3 mi) wide, roughly following a narrow ridge formed by a glacial ground moraine. The most prominent feature of the site is Flintbek LA 3, a 53x19 m (174-62 ft) mound, surrounded by a curb of boulders. A set of cart tracks were found beneath the most-recent half of the barrow, consisting of a pair of ruts from a wagon fitted with wheels. The tracks (direct-dated to 3650-3335 cal BC) lead from the edge to the center of the mound, ending at the central location of Dolmen IV, the last burial construction at the site. Scholars believe these were laid down by wheels rather than tracks from a drag cart, due to the wavy impressions in the longitudinal sections. A Few Funnel Beaker Sites Poland: Dabki 9 Sweden: Almhov Denmark: Havnelev, Lisbjerg-Skole, Sarup Germany: Flintbek, Oldenburg-Danau, Rastorf, Wangels, Wolkenwehe, Triwalk, Albersdorf-Dieksknà ¶ll, Huntedorf, Hude, Flà ¶geln-Eekhà ¶ltjen Switzerland: Niederwil Sources Bakker JA, Kruk J, Lanting AE, and Milisauskas S. 1999. The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles in Europe and the Near East. Antiquity 73(282):778-790.Gron KJ, Montgomery J, Nielsen PO, Nowell GM, Peterkin JL, Sà ¸rensen L, and Rowley-Conwy P. 2016. Strontium isotope evidence of early Funnel Beaker Culture movement of cattle. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6:248-251.Gron KJ, and Rowley-Conwy P. 2017. Herbivore diets and the anthropogenic environment of early farming in southern Scandinavia. The Holocene 27(1):98-109.Hinz M, Feeser I, Sjà ¶gren K-G, and Mà ¼ller J. 2012. Demography and the intensity of cultural activities: an evaluation of Funnel Beaker Societies (4200–2800  cal BC). Journal of Archaeological Science 39(10):3331-3340.Jansen D, and Nelle O. 2014. The Neolithic woodland – archaeoanthracology of six Funnel Beaker sites in the lowlands of Germany. Journal of Archaeological Science 51:154-163.Kirleis W, and Fischer E. 2014. Neolithic cultiv ation of tetraploid free threshing wheat in Denmark and Northern Germany: implications for crop diversity and societal dynamics of the Funnel Beaker Culture. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 23(1):81-96. Kirleis W, Klooß S, Kroll H, and Mà ¼ller J. 2012. Crop growing and gathering in the northern German Neolithic: a review supplemented by new results. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 21(3):221-242.Mischka D. 2011. The Neolithic burial sequence at Flintbek LA 3, north Germany, and its cart tracks: a precise chronology. Antiquity 85(329):742-758.Skoglund P, Malmstrà ¶m H, Raghavan M, Storà ¥ J, Hall P, Willerslev E, Gilbert MTP, Gà ¶therstrà ¶m A, and Jakobsson M. 2012. Origins and genetic legacy of Neolithic farmers and hunter-gatherers in Europe. Science 336:466-469.