Great Gatsby Questions

The Great Gatsby Study GuideChapter 11. Explain what Fitzgerald achieved by using Nick’s point of view to tell Gatsby’s story? He achieves a wider look at things. 2. What do we learn about Nick Carraway in the introductory section of the novel? He is upper middle class and went to college. 3. In discussing East Egg and West Egg, Nick states, â€Å"To the wingless a more arresting phenomenon is their dissimilarity in every particular except shape and size. † Indicate what the dissimilarities† Attitude, east egg is traditional; west egg is the new rich. 4. might be. Compare the homes of Nick, Gatsby and the Buchanans. How does each home reflect the personality of its owners? Nick is not flashy and small; Gatsby is a show off of his big home and throws his money around. They just want to fit in. They are classic. 5. Fitzgerald’s description of Tom, Daisy, and Jordan creates not only an impression of physical appearance, but also contains added information. What do you learn about their history and interests, and from their gestures and mannerisms? Tom tends to be a show off and shows what he has. Daisy is a manipulated and whispers so people can bend close. Jordan plays golf and athletic and tom boy and very independent and not married and command’s attention.6. When Nick leaves the Buchanan’s house, he is â€Å"confused and a little disgusted. † Why? What does this suggest about his values? Because he knows Tom’s a player. He values. Friendship and people.7. Though we do not meet Gatsby until Chapter 3, we hear references to him in the conversations of others. Note each reference. What impression do you get? Snobby, stuck up, and flounder’s his money.Chapter 21. I what way is the description in the opening paragraphs of Chapter 2 appropriate to the t otal atmosphere of this chapter? What is symbolic about the â€Å"valley of ashes† and â€Å"the eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg†? Void if life, depressing. (Grey) Lack of life.2. Evaluate Myrtle’s talk of her unhappy marriage. What does she seem to be trying to justify? How she is unhappy with her husband.3. How does Myrtle’s speech reveal her character? She wants to play the victim.4. What does the scene in this New York apartment reveal about Tom? About Myrtle? He does not care and slaps myrtle. She is desperate.5. Does Nick enjoy the afternoon at the apartment in New York? Why or why not? No, because of the incident between Tom and Myrtle. Socratic Seminar QuestionsChapter 31. Chapter 3 describes Gatsby’s â€Å"little party†. Enumerate details about the party itself, about the guests and about their conversation and behavior. He has caters, replaces dresses, has a buffet, serves two dinners.2. Describe the meeting between Nick and Gatsby. Comment on Fitzgerald’s skill in preparing for Gatsby’s entrance into the story. Very, Awkward. He uses hints.3. In what way are Nick and Gatsby similar at this point? Why are they paradoxical? He sounds just like Nick and have things in common. Had a normal conversation.4. What is the reason for Nick’s breaking the story at this point?Read the section beginning with â€Å"Reading over what I have written so far . . . † Proving that his normal. They are very similar5. At the end of Chapter 3, Nick meets Jordan again. The author includes several episodes that emphasize her carelessness and basic dishonesty. Discuss these instances. What do they reveal about Jordan? About Nick?6. Notice the last paragraph in Chapter 3. Is Nick being overly proud here? Discuss. He is thinking too much of himself, and not of others.Chapter 41. The introductory section of Chapter 4 gives a long roster of those who attended Gatsby’s parties. How do they behave toward their host? Why, then, do they accept his hospitality? They go to use Gatsby.2. Describe Gatsby’s car? It’s a cream color, Bright with nickel.3. Discuss the details that Gatsby shares with Nick about his past. He was in the war, and his family had passed away. He traveled to the big cities. He won a medal from war.4. Does Nick believe Gatsby’s story? Why or why not? No, because things don’t match up. Because Gatsby carries a picture and a medal.5. Who is Meyer Wolfsheim? What seems to be his connection with Gatsby? He is Gatsby Acquaintance. Because they’re both business associates.6. Jordan Baker tells Nick about Daisy, Gatsby, and Tom. S ummarize the story. When daisy meets a guy named Jay Gatsby who is a soldier and is engaged but he goes to war and she ends up and leaves the house and she gets caught but doesn’t speck her parents and still goes out with no soldiers. Gets engaged in February and marries. The night be for her wedding she gets smashed and gets drunk and throws away her pearls from tom then they take her a cold bath and make her hurry downstairs.7. Explain the epigraph on the title page of the novel. What does it reveal about Gatsby and his love for Daisy? He is willing to do anything for daisy.8. Do we know why Gatsby has so many parties? Why did he buy the house? Explain. For daisy because he likes her. He wants for daisy to show up.9. What new meaning do you see in the last two paragraphs of Chapter 1? What does Nick mean when he says, â€Å"Then it had not been merely the stars to which he had aspired on that June night†? He is trying to reach out for her. He is talking about daisy.1 0. When Gatsby spoke to Jordan in his library in Chapter 3, he had devised a plan involving Nick. What was it?Why did he not ask Nick directly? Because wanted nick to invite daisy to nicks and Gatsby would show up to nicks house.Chapter 51. Gatsby’s actions in preparing for Daisy’s arrival seem both flamboyant and absurd. What does he do? Why? He’s trembling and his hands are just weighed into his pockets.2. Discuss Gatsby’s actions once Daisy arrives. How do we know he is nervous? How does he try to impress her? He shows his house.3. Toward the end of the chapter, Nick attempts to explain â€Å"the expression of bewilderment that had come back into Gatsby’s face. † What explanation does Nick give? Why, in his opinion, is daisy not at fault? He has been building this up and now he has achieved his goal. Because he built her up too much.4. Describe Daisy’s reactions during the course of her meeting with Gatsby. She’s so emotiona l.5. Has Nick been affected by the meeting between Gatsby and Daisy? In what way? Yes, because he was disappointed for Gatsby.Chapter 61. What was Gatsby’s real name? Why and when had he changed it? James Gatz. He changed it at the age of 17 he changed it because of Dan cody.2. In what way was Dan Cody involved in Gatsby’s destiny?3. Why does Tom attend Gatsby’s party?How does this scene reveal that contrast between Gatsby and Tom? Because he was asked to and to keep an eye on his wife and he wants to know more about Gatsby. Gatsby is generous and Tom is not.4. What is deeply ironic in Tom’s statement, â€Å". . . I may be old-fashioned in my ideas, but women run around too much these days to suit me†? He is a hypocrite.5. Note the reactions of Tom and Daisy at different times during Gatsby’s party. Did they enjoy themselves? Explain. No, Tom did not enjoy himself and Daisy only liked the actress under the tree.6. What suspicions does Tom ha ve about Gatsby? What does he vow to do? His past where he got his money because thinks he’s a bootlegger. He will find out the truth about Gatsby and everything about Gatsby.7. What do Nick and Gatsby talk about after the party? How daisy didn’t like it.8. What is Gatsby expecting of Daisy that prompts Nick to warn him, â€Å"I wouldn’t ask too much of her . . . You can’t repeat the past†? For Daisy to tell Tom that she does not love him.Chapter 71. Note the use Fitzgerald makes of the weather as a background for significant events. Point out examples in this chapter and in previous chapters. It’s hot boiling. Points out its hot â€Å"It’s Hot† said by Daisy.2. Gatsby has made some changes in his lifestyle that so concerned Nick that he went to check on him. What changes do you note? Why did he make them? The staff was fired and he rehired new people except the gardener because daisy did not see him. To make it all about Daisy .3. Analyze daisy’s attitude toward her child as evidenced in this chapter and in Chapter 1. Is she a good mother? Explain why Gatsby looked â€Å"at the child with surprise. † She agreed to stay with her husband for her child. He didn’t think she was the women she was 5 years ago and the baby can‘t go away4. With whom does Tom talk on the telephone early in the chapter? About what? George about the car deal.5. What startling discovery does Tom make shortly after lunch? Daisy’s affair6. What does Gatsby mean when he says that Daisy’s voice is â€Å"full of money†? Why does Fitzgerald put those words in Gatsby’s mouth and not Nick’s? She has changed. It’s a way of Gatsby way of growing up.7. What arrangements are made regarding the passengers of each car on the trip to the city? Why? Tom, Jordan, Nick take the yellow car.Daisy and Gatsby ride in the white coupe. Tom had a plan going on.8. Eyes play a significant rol e in this chapter. Explain. Gods watching you and watches everything.9. Explain Nick’s statement paralleling Tom and Wilson. â€Å". . . it occurred to me that there was no difference between men, in intelligence or race, so profound as the difference between the sick and the well. † Refer to the text and explain what prompted Nick to say this. The both discovered that there wife’s are having affairs.10. What does Gatsby do that makes Nick want â€Å"to get up and slap him on the back†? Why does Nick feel this way? Because he said that he wife does not love him.11. Does Daisy know what love is? Whom does she really love? No. She loves Gatsby but Really loves Tom.12. In what way is each of the main characters involved in the tragedy that occurs at the end of this chapter?13. Is there any significance in the fact that the day is Nick’s birthday? Nick sees his 30th birthday as a significant entrance into a world of â€Å"loneliness, a thinning list o f single men to know, a thinning briefcase of enthusiasm, thinning hair. †14. Why is it necessary for the author to introduce a new character, Michaelis, at this point in the novel?15. Explain what Nick means when he says, â€Å". . . suddenly I guessed at the truth†?16. At the end of Chapter 7 Nick observes Gatsby, Tom, and Daisy after the accident. What conclusions does he reach? After observing Gatsby, Tom, and Daisy after the accident at the end of chapter 7 of the Great Gatsby, Nick comes to the conclusion that Myrtle must have been hit by Gatsby and Daisy, driving back from the city in Gatsby’s big yellow automobile.17. Explain the last paragraph of Chapter 7.Before the trip into the city and the accident, Gatsby was convinced that Daisy was in love with him and would without a doubt leave Tom for him. When he watches Daisy and Tom in the kitchen, the reality of the situation is starting to hit him. Ever since he and Daisy fell apart when she married Tom, h e has entirely devoted his life to acquiring wealth to impress Daisy and when her back. He has devoted his whole life and heart to this woman, and so as he watches her slipping away from him again, he knows nothing more than to return to his vigil over the woman that has controlled his life.Chapter 81. At the beginning of the chapter, the story is interrupted at its most dramatic point. What is the author’s purpose in breaking the story here? He had known what he was doing all along and justified his attentions.2. What had prompted Gatsby to talk freely to Nick now, when he was unwilling to do so in the past?3. What further information do we learn about Gatsby? He loved Daisy and wrote her.4. As Nick leaves Gatsby the morning after the accident, he remarks, â€Å"They’re a rotten crowd. † Enumerate the people â€Å"they† refers to. Why are they â€Å"rotten†?He refers to Tom, Daisy. Because they are hypocrites, Liars.5. What is the compliment that Nick pays to Gatsby? Why does Nick feel compelled to commend Gatsby? He only complimented them only once. He really wanted to give him a push.6. Explain Nick’s meaning when he balances Gatsby’s supposed â€Å"corruption† against his â€Å"incorruptible dream†. Nick means that Gatsby used an illegal and corrupt way of obtaining money all in the name of a pure uncorrupted dream of starting a life with the love of his life, Daisy.7. How does Wilson view the â€Å"eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg†? Does Wilson’s statement have a symbolic level for the novel as a whole? Explain. They are the eyes of god. God is watching you.8. Trace the movements of Gatsby and Wilson at the end of Chapter 8. What Nick’s meaning when he says, â€Å". . . the holocaust was complete†? When George dies it’s the end of the Holocaust.Chapter 91. What makes Nick assume responsibility for the funeral arrangements? Specify the things he did. Because nobody comes thru. Calling people for the funeral. Trying to find Gatsby father to be there and getting Daisy to be there as well.2. What version of the tragedy appeared in the newspapers? How would your account for the fact that this version went unchallenged and uncorrected? Portraying George was crazy.3. Hos had Gatsby’s father learned of the tragedy? To what extent does the father know his son? The papers. That he was proud of his son he knows him as a figure not as a son.4. Discuss the significance of Gatsby’s boyhood program for self-improvement? It got him to change himself.5. What is the irony of Gatsby’s funeral? How nobody shows up to a funeral but to a party people showed up.6. What is the significance of including the scene with Jordan Baker? Jordan’s scene drives apart her relationship with Nick7. What moral judgment does Nick make about Tom and Daisy? Discuss. The moral judgment that Nick makes regarding Tom and Daisy is that they are self-centere d people who do not care whose lives they hurt as long they continue to have their luxurious lives.8. Explain the significance of the last page of the novel in relation to Gatsby’s dream and the American Dream. Nick's reflections at the end of Chapter Nine of The Great Gatsby bring the motif of geography to a conclusion as Nick philosophizes that the story of Gatsby is conclusively a story†¦

Brave new world Essay

Lenina, Foster and the Director all have been pre-conditioned to think of themselves better and more intelligent than Betas, Delta, Gammas, and Epsilons, as do all Alpha’s. And with good reason as Alpha’s are pre-conditioned to be more intellectual and socially better. This portrays a capitalist society with the different classes. Huxley deriving from an upper-middle class family this is understandable. In contrast to 1984, everybody is relatively the same. Proles and Party members are all treated the same and are regulated with telescreens and thought police moving amongst them. The views of Orwell have been diffused into the subject matter of 1984 as well as Huxley’s into BNW, the difference and contrast being their views. Huxley’s views of a class system and Orwell views that a socialist Britain was going to develop in light of Soviet Russia. When further comparing the author’s style and subject matter of thinking for their characters, it is clear that they share relatively the same principles. Orwell’s language and style shows that the Party members and proles are sub-consciously trained to believe the ideals of the Party by propaganda. Posters, the two-minute hate, books, songs and newspapers all enforce the Party ideals and the people believe them for they have no other principles or ideals with which to compare. They assume that the Party is right in what it says. This refers back to the proles not having an individual consciousness away from party principles, as stated by Winston in the extract. Their thinking is basic and un-intellectual. Similarly, the thinking process in BNW is a result from training and conditioning. This time people are taught in their sleep (again sub-consciously like in 1984) what to think and what ideals/principles to hold. Their thinking is mechanic and standardised which holds parallels with the mechanic factories they were produced in. Again it is the case of two different methods producing the same result. The subject matter of the BNW extract shows humour which 1984 does not. The fact and process that leads to the Rocket Engineers only ever being truly happy when standing on their heads and that ‘Decanting trauma’ can occur in comparison with real life birth trauma. Both of these examples from the extract are illustrations of the humour that Huxley injects into the novel at several intervals. With 1984 there are no humorous comments at all and so the subject matter keeps, at all times, an air of seriousness, whereas with BNW this air of seriousness, as a revolutionary novel, is broken from time to time by the humour. A main contrast that the two extracts highlight is the ideal of what both worlds are striving towards and are. In 1984 Winston describes the Party’s ultimate aim as; â€Å"The ideal set up by the Party was something huge, terrible and glittering – a world of steel and concrete, of monstrous machines†¦ – a nation†¦ All thinking the same thoughts, shouting the same slogans, perpetually working, fighting, triumphing and persecuting – three hundred million people all with the same face. † This holds extreme parallels to the world that Huxley creates in Brave New World. A world where everyone has the same face paralleling with the mass producing of people that all look alike; shouting the same slogans, paralleling with the sleep taught sayings that everyone has a version of, whether you’re an Alpha or Epsilon, a world of steel and concrete paralleling with the vast huge cities of BNW. It seems that 1984 is a world where a government is attempting to change the past and achieve a different world, whereas BNW is a world proud of its past and of sustaining its world. The two are exact opposites; BNW being what the Party is trying to create. The importance of the two extracts in the novels is high in that they are meant to shock the reader. Huxley’s description of the manufacturing of people and Orwell’s description of a world that controls everything (even the past) and makes its people think whatever they like. Both extracts create a world in which the story is allowed to develop, they are the soil from which the seed is meant to grow. The 1984 extract has an added level to its importance as it shows that already Winston is part of the undead. It shows that Winston is doing exactly what he’s not supposed to be and that if/when he is caught, the Party have got grounds on which to vaporise him. It shows the re-occurring principle in the novel that death is certain, and life is not. It shows that any chance of Orwell’s world changing, the Party being overthrown, is non-existent as any chance must lie in the proles but: â€Å"Until they become conscious they will never rebel, and until after they have rebelled they cannot become conscious. † This parallels with BNW as no-one there either wishes to change things, as they are content with their current life. Both extracts create these two worlds of unimaginable oppression whether its inhabitants realise it or not and the theme that runs throughout the comparison of the two novels and extracts is the same; that Orwell and Huxley both achieve relatively the same thing through different methods. They both achieve worlds of oppression and shock simply through different actual environments; as they did with making it that everyone thinks what the authorities wants them to think and that they have no interest in challenging this or any other aspect of their world. This being the case and both authors creating these future worlds of shock and astonishment are vital to the novels as this is what makes the novels so revolutionary for their time.

American short story writers Essay

Dance, Dance, Dance by Haruki Marukami The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle by Haruki Marukami Cat’s Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut Life of Pi by Yann Martel On Chesil Beach by Ian McEwan Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom Facts about the Moon by Dorianne Laux Let the Great World Spin by Colum McCann What is the What by Dave Eggers The Lemon Tree by Sandy Tolan The Love We Share Without Knowing by Christopher Barzak Letters to a Young Poet by Rainer Maria Milke White Oleander by Janet Fitch Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman Everything is Illuminated by Jonathan Safran Foer A Fine Balance by Rohinton Mistry. The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy The World Doesn’t End by Charles Simic North of Beautiful by Justina Chen Headley The Fault in Our Stars by John Green Running with Scissors by Augusten Burroughs Prep by Curtis Sittenfeld The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez East of Eden by John Steinbeck The Shadow of the Wind by Carlos Ruiz Zafon By the River Piedra I Sat Down and Wept by Paulo Coelho Kafka on the Shore by Haruki Marukami Veronika Decides to Die by Paulo Coelho Tender is the Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald Jonathan Strange and Mister Norell by Suzanna Clarke. Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer The History of Love by Nicole Krauss Brave New World by Aldous Huxley The Book Thief by Markus Zusak On The Road by Jack Kerouac Slaughterhouse 5 by Kurt Vonnegut American Gods by Neil Gaiman The Millennium Trilogy by Stieg Larsson The Shadow of the Wind by Carlos Ruiz Zafon Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro Norwegian Wood by Haruki Murakami Bonjour Tristesse by Francoise Sagan Anna and the French Kiss by Stephanie Perkins The Collector by John Fowles Bel Canto by Ann Patchett Written on the Body by Jeannette Winterson 1984 by George Orwell The Book of Disquiet by Fernando Pessoa. Love in the Time of Cholera by Gabriel Garcia Marquez Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov A Great and Terrible Beauty by Libba Bray The Girl with Glass Feet by Ali Shaw Noah Barleywater Runs Away by John Boyne Wildwood by Colin Meloy Florence and Giles by John Harding Three Cave Mountain, Or: Granfather and the Wolves by Per Olov Enquist 44 Scotland Street by Alexander McCall Smith Sylvie and the Songman by Tim Binding From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs Basil E. Frankweiler by E. L. Konigsburg The Family from One End Street by Eve Garnett The Mitfords by Charlotte Mosley The Twenty-One Balloons by William Pene du Bois Bird by Rita Murphy. The Man with The Dancing Eyes by Sophie Dahl The Girl Who Chased the Moon by Sarah Addison Allen The Trick Is to Keep Breathing by Janice Galloway The Napolean of Crime by Ben MacIntyre Like You’d Understand, Anyway: Stories by Jim Shepard The Unbearable Lightness of Being by Milan Kundera The It-Doesn’t-Matter Suit by Sylvia Plath Jellicoe Road by Melina Marchetta V. by Thomas Pynchon Gravity’s Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon Silk by Alessandro Baricco Afternoon Tea by Frankie Magazine The Botanical Garden by Ellen Welcker The Man Who Loved Books Too Much by Allison Hoover Bartlett The Enchanted Places by Christopher Milne. The Penderwicks: A Summer Tale of Four Sisters by Jeanne Birdsall Book of Longing by Leonard Cohen The Phantom Tollbooth by Norton Juster We, the Drowned by Cartsen Jensen I Never Knew There Was a Word for It by Adam Jacot de Boinod The Snow Goose by Paul Gallico Burning Your Boats by Angela Carter One Hundred and Forty Five Stories in a Small Box by Sarah Manguso The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls by Emilie Autumn Like Bees to Honey by Caroline Smailes Waifs and Strays by Charles de Lint Two Hearts by Peter S. Beagle To See Every Bird on Earth by Dan Koeppel Jules et Jim by Henri-pierre Roche. The Boy Detective Fails by Joe Meno Book of a Thousand Days by Shannon Hale The Haunted Bookshop by Christopher Morley The Thirty-Nine Steps by John Buchan The Blue Flower by Penelope Fitzgerald The Moviegoer by Walker Percy Love Begins in Winter by Simon Van Booy From Old Notebooks by Evan Lavender Smith The Stories of Breece D’J Pancake by Breece D’J Pancake Grayson by Lynne Cox So the Wind Won’t Blow It All Away by Richard Brautigan Dandelion Wine by Rad Bradbury Valerie and Her Week of Wonders by Vitezslav Nezval. The Engineer of Human Souls by Josef Skvorecky Generation Me by Joan M. Twenge My Booky Wook by Russell Brand  Lysistrata by Aristophanes As I Lay Dying by Faulkner Suite Francaise by Irene Nemirovsky Siddhartha by Herman Hesse Memory & Dream by Charles de Lint Doctor Zhivago by Boris Pasternak Eat Pray Love by Elizabeth Gilbert The English Patient by Michael Ondaatje The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society by Mary Ann Shaffer Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf Perfume: The Story of a Murderer by Patrick Suskind A Million Little Pieces by James Frey A Burnt-Out Case by Graham Greene The Tenth Man by Graham Greene Rebecca by Daphne du Maurier Franny and Zooey by J. D. Salinger  White Noise by Don DeLillo Will Grayson, Will Grayson by John Green and David Levithan Dry & Wolf at the Table by Augusten Burroughs Ham on Rye by Bukowski. I Was Told There’d Be Cake by Sloane crosley Bossypants by Tina Fey The Essential Rumi by Coleman Barks Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte Why We Broke Up by Daniel Handler Crush by Richard Silken Flatscreen by Adam Wilson Karnak Cafe by Nagib Mahfouz A Prayer for Owen Meany by John Irving The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy The Road by Cormac McCarthy The Catcher in the Rye by JD Salinger The Little Prince by Antoine de St. Exupery B is for Bad Poetry.

Culinary History of the Republic of Moldova Essay

Culinary History of the Republic of Moldova - Essay Example Each influences the other; each tries to outsmart the competing system by indigenous and imaginative methods of preparing dishes. The dishes are constantly improved and their contents updated on the basis of inputs provided by the clients. Once upon a time, The Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova) was part of the ex-Romanian provinces. At present they have independent territorial status. It is difficult to single out the exclusive Moldovan cooking method. The cuisine incorporates elements from different cooking traditions adopted from the neighboring countries. Lot of importance is given to the details in the cuisine. For example, emphasis is on the right amount of spices as for taste and also for coloring the dish. The visual presentation of the dish is important. Some of their traditional dishes have the special cooking method. â€Å"The diversity of the vegetables and cereals found in Moldova is also noticed in the delicious dishes belonging to their cuisine. †¦ Meat is one of the main elements of most of the Moldavian dishes and cure and smoked hams are often parts of delicious dishes.†(Moldavian Cuisine†¦.) Geography of a country has a direct bearing on the cuisine. Human beings eat mainly in response to the hunger due to the demands of geographical conditions. Moldova is a landlocked country between Romania to the West and Ukraine in other directions (North, East and South) This small country is situated in the Eastern Europe on 47 N, 29 E. Its area is 33,700 sq km. It is close to Black sea and this makes the summers warm and winters mild. Just like in a desert area one finds sand, sand and sand again, in Moldova one sees hills, hills and hills again and nothing else around. The hilly plain includes three physical geographic zones: forest, forest-steppe and steppe. By no means a rich country, 25% of the people earn less than $2 per day. The biggest part of the country lies between two rivers, the Dniester and the Prut. This is one of the

Middle East Augmentation System - same ideas of WAAS but this is in Research Paper

Middle East Augmentation System - same ideas of WAAS but this is in the middle east - Research Paper Example ion system is used to enable aircraft to rely on GPS for all phases of flight, including  precision approaches  to any airport within its coverage area. On the other hand, Europe has the European GNSS overlay system (EGNOS). India is launching its GPS-aided Geo-augmented navigation (GAGAN) system; however, Japan has the multifunction satellite augmentation system (MSAS). They are all satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) and are already delivering improved accuracy and integrity for GPS users over much of the northern hemisphere. Since we do not have augmentation system in the Middle East, we came with new idea of creating Middle East wide augmentation system (MEWAS). The system of satellites and ground stations, which will give  GPS  signal corrections for errors, caused by ionosphere disturbances, timing, and satellite orbit errors. In this report, we will present our new idea Middle East wide augmentation system Space and Ground Segments as an integration part of Global Satellite Augmentation System (GSAS) for enhanced Traffic Control and Management (TCM) globally at sea, on the ground (road and railway vehicles) and in the air. We will discuss how it works. Beside of that, we will look for some benefits, limitations and the future of Middle East wide augmentation system (MEWAS). The purpose of this document is introducing in details (MEWAS) system, which will make flying more efficient and safe for users. GPS is a global positioning, navigation, and timing network consisting of space, ground control, and user equipment segments that support the broadcasts of military and civil GPS signals. These signals each include positioning and timing information, which enables users with GPS receivers to determine their position and time, 24 hours a day, worldwide. All branches of the military to guide troops’ movements, integrated logistics support and battle space situational awareness, and communications network synchronization use GPS. In addition, bombs and

Response to Inquiry Regarding Legal Action Against Daley Motor Company Essay

Response to Inquiry Regarding Legal Action Against Daley Motor Company - Essay Example Firstly, with respect to business contracts there is the issue of offer and acceptance. What this means is that each and every binding legal contract must have these two phases. First an offer must be made and then an agreement/acceptance can be reached. Additionally, only those things which are specifically offered can be accepted. Accordingly, in the written contract if something is not specified it is not offered and in no way is it to be considered part of the written contract. It is during this phase of a business/legal contract that offers and counter offers are discussed and resolved. As a result, special attention should be noted as to the terms and conditions of the agreement as these terms and conditions are the actual mechanisms by which the agreement is to be carried out. Not until this phase is complete, read, agreed upon, and signed can the contract be considered legally binding (and then only if the other terms and conditions affecting the legality of a contract are me t). Final acceptance of the contract can be given orally, in writing or discerned through verifiable actions (the oral contract you believe you had with Daley Motor Company will be discussed at further length in this letter). Intention of legal consequences refers to the fact that both parties entering into the legally binding contract are aware that their acceptance means that they will be held legally responsible for executing the terms and conditions of the contract. It is this juncture that proved vitally important to the case in question as you did not take your legal obligation to the terms and conditions of sale seriously by carefully reading before signing the document provided to you. Although it is not always able to be determined whether a person has agreed on a particular item, English law upholds that when a person manifests their consent to a bargain, they are considered beholden to it (Tiersma and Solan 2012). For purposes of your particular instance, any disagreement with the language implied in the written document prepared by Daley Motor Company should necessarily have been discussed, amended, or redacted with the seller prior to any further agreement and prior to signature that denotes agreement and consent with the terms and conditions therein. Consideration is the final stage of legally binding contracts. With respect to the terms and conditions of the contract, consideration refers to the fact that one party will fulfil his/her responsibility by doing something in return for the promise stipulated in the contract. In essence, consideration is what one party gives to another party as an agreed sum for the other’s cooperation. Most of the time this â€Å"consideration† is in the form of money; however, it can be anything of value. (Pollock 1921). It should also be noted that for issues relating to fairness are not considered in a court of law. For instance if you severely overplayed for a given good or service after entering a binding legal contract to do so; this burden solely rests on the signatories and is not deemed fraud unless coercion or some other illegal instrument was in use to complete the deal. From the details of the issue you have provided us, it is clear that Arthur Daley Motor Company has at the very least treated you unfairly and at the very worst deliberately swindled you. Firstly, there is the issue of the oral

GENETIC VARIATION IN B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE PATHWAY AFFECTS BNP Research Proposal - 1

GENETIC VARIATION IN B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE PATHWAY AFFECTS BNP LEVEL in the diagnosis of Heart failure - Research Proposal Example To help establish the outcomes, the study will be embedded on extracting DNA samples from 80 patients undergoing elective cardiac catheterization and analyzing with exclusion done on patients with elevated troponin. This will be driven by a detailed data collection including laboratory, standard demographic, catheterization and echocardiographic data. The Genotype will be evaluated at 19 loci on five BNP’s pathway relevant genes (Knowles, Erickson, Guy et al, 2003). To access the incremental influence of the genetic variants, the researcher will employ the Multivariate linear regression of logBNP model adjusted for clinical variables. The proposal will thus try to help properly incorporate the use of NPs to improve the levels of accuracy with respect to decisions made in an emergency setting to curb the missed incidence of diagnostic failures for HF. This will be measured by reduced cases of fatigue, dyspnea, and fluid retention that are all predisposing factors to HF based on cardiac dysfunction hence presenting difficulties in diagnosing HF. The missed incidence are hence strongly correlate to highly significant mortality increases, presenting the need for designing effective diagnostic tools with higher degrees of specification and sensitivity that if employed, can help weed out the increased cases of HF missed diagnose s and particularly, in the busy Heart failure is characterized by its typical but non-specific symptoms like fatigue, dyspnea and fluid retention caused by dysfunction of cardiac which present daunting challenges for diagnosis of HF culminating into increased missed incidence hence higher mortality rates. For this reason, the topic has captured the attention of various researchers to help design effective mechanism and approaches that can be used during diagnosis to detect this catastrophic cardiovascular disease quickly and accurately. For instance, to gauge the potentiality of NPs in augmenting the clinical judgment and/or standard

Ethics and Corporate Governance in Al Hilal Bank Term Paper

Ethics and Corporate Governance in Al Hilal Bank - Term Paper Example Responsibilities of the board should not be taken lightly. The overall responsibility of a bank is with the board including approving the banking strategies, risk strategies, corporate governance, and corporate values. All the financial soundness of the bank is on the board. The board should check the whole strategy of the bank taking into account all the risk and effective planning to reduce the risks and its capacity to cope with risks efficiently. The board must take into account and must know the legitimate interest of shareholders, stockholders, depositors, and their relevant customers. Also, the effective relationship with the supervisor should also be maintained properly. Board of directors should practice their duties of conduct and duties of loyalty followed by keeping up with a change in the bank’s business and external environment. A responsible behavior proves to be an essential foundation in good governance. So the board should carry its responsibilities effectively maintaining professional standards that ensure integrity for management and other employees. Low-key employees and other workers should be allowed to communicate about illegal and unethical practices as such practices can negatively impact on bank’s reputation and profile. Important steps should be taken to communicate throughout the bank and professional standers to without any danger report concerns or violation of any particular body. By applicable laws and regulations the board can elect and if necessary can replace the senior management if it sees that they are not performing their required task properly. The senior management actions and activities should be monitored consistently to check whether they are working in their frame. The meeting with senior management should be held regularly. A board should demand critical explanations and ask questions if found necessary related to their assigned tasks. It should make sure that senior management performance should be consistent with the long-term objective, banking strategies and financial soundness of a bank. Senior management expertise and knowledge should be appropriate given the nature of the bank and its profile.

Applying Research in Practice Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applying in Practice - Research Paper Example Evidence based research identifies practices for prevention and management of pressure ulcers that complement and support the institution’s recommendations. Continuous Bedside Pressure Mapping (CBPM) offers a basis for detecting pressures at different parts of a patient’s body and therefore helps to relocate the patient to offload pressure from the areas (Behrendt, Ghaznavi, Manhan, Craft, & Siddiqui, 2014). The authors established that CBPM reduces patients’ risk of developing pressure ulcers. In an experimental design, results reported 0.9 percent chance of developing pressure ulcers under CBPM and 4.8 percent chance without application of CBPM. The evidence identifies the guidelines’ objective for prevention and management of pressure ulcers but with inefficiency. While the guidelines identify need for repositioning in order to alleviate pressure, it fails to provide an approach for accurate determination of pressure levels for positioning. This means t hat according to the guidelines, positioning may be done when pressure is less than the threshold for causing or worsening pressure ulcers. Similarly, pressure at some point may exceed the threshold level but may not be detected for repositioning. The discrepancy between the guidelines and practice suggest inefficiency in prevention of pressure ulcers, under the guidelines, and this can be inferred to management. Nurses can resolve this by using technology to identify real time pressure at different points of a patient’s body. With such an approach, repositioning can be effective in preventing pressure ulcers and in offloading pressure from affected regions to facilitate recovery. In addition to accurate monitoring of pressure, nurses can also collaborate with physicians and surgeons to promote surgical intervention for management of pressure ulcers (Giaquinto-Cilliers, 2014). This can facilitate

Children's Magazine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Children's Magazine - Essay Example The idea was to find whether the books and their display are able to fascinate the targeted readers and promote reading. During the survey, it was found that the libraries do have wide variety of books for children of different age groups but there is significant lack of children’s magazines and whatever few magazines are there, they do not attract the children. Children’s section is normally well segregated but lack of imagination, in the display of the titles, are found to be the main reason for disinterest amongst the children and the teens. The libraries make no efforts to apply creative approach to promote better reading. The bookstores like Waterstones and W. H. Smith have a huge selection of children’s magazines and story books which are prominently displayed. They often organize special events for children to promote children’s books which do make some headway in inculcating reading habits in children. The bookstores, too, have a separate section for the children where latest story books are attractively displayed. Unfortunately, the price factor is a big deterrent for the majority of the children who prefer to spend that much money on latest gadgets and audio-video games! The children need to develop reading habits for various reasons and the most important justification being that it hugely widens their knowledge horizon which becomes their greatest asset in the later life. To attract children towards reading, it is important that they be introduced to the pleasures of reading in a manner that makes it a big fun and which sufficiently prods their inherent curiosity so that they seek more interesting information in the books. It is also important that the government must encourage writers for writing children’s books and magazines that are interesting, fun filled and which satisfy interest level of children of

Business and Ethics. Which global dimensions of collective existence Essay

Business and Ethics. Which global dimensions of collective existence are more often cited in moral considerations of global busi - Essay Example All moral ethics should be considered while developing the structure of an organization. This is the key to success for firms and it will make them flourish in the international market. â€Å"Indeed there are several factors triggering international convergence of ethical standards and ethical perceptions. A variety of initiatives by MNC’s, non governmental organizations, governments and international organizations have promoted this tendency. These efforts, along with the critical role of information technology in disseminating news and practices around the world, have elevated the forces working towards universal forms† (Yadong Luo, 2007, P. 207). Although due to globalization world now faces many challenges including the migration and condition children. The current process of globalization has impacted on patterns ad processes of transnational labour migration and has more recently led to increase in labour migration. Migration has bought about many opportunities fo r different family members. it is common that older family members finds it difficult to adjust t a new culture living style but children finds experience such a situation differently. Some of them easily cope up with the situation easily but others may find it difficult to adapt to such a situation. The migration can have mixed experiences. A recent survey points out that children of the same area have different experience on migration. But a common fact is that when migration is occurred from normally under developed section to developed area with aim a livelihood, the experience is rough for most of the families especially for children. Such situation ca mainly leads to child labour, rough, long working conditions and under payment. â€Å"The brief survey of the current wave of globalization on children shows just how large are the transformational in so many critical parts of the ordinary life† (Kaufman & Rizzini, 2002, P.16). Line of Argumentation: With the present situa tion of labour and the condition of the migrant labour it is necessary to consider the life of the people who suffers from the worst side of all these. With globalization the purpose of migration is mainly employment and the migrant labour especially children are suffering from the change situation. So it is important consider the moral values behind these process in order to protect the people from all these. â€Å"Under contemporary globalization, international labour mobility has increased, while levels of exploitation and deregulation have accelerated. Lack of legal protection for migrant workers heightens their attractiveness as instruments of 'maintaining competitiveness' because they are obliged to work in situations where decent work conditions are not enforced. Irregular migrants are especially vulnerable because the threat of apprehension and deportation thwarts unionizing and exposure of dangerous working conditions† (Taran & Geronimi, 2003). For an organization to be successful in the global market, internal and external issues regarding the organization as well the migrant labour and their families is to be considered. â€Å"From the perspective of social responsibility, business ethics embodies standards, norms and expectations that reflect a concern of major stake holders including consumers, employees, share holders, suppliers, competitors and the community†

How a Christian might apply their beliefs Essay Example for Free

How a Christian might apply their beliefs Essay In this, my second piece of coursework I will be looking at how a Christian might apply the beliefs that I just outlined in A01 and will refer to specific situations of conflict to illustrate this. A Christian could apply the beliefs I recently mentioned in A01 through all different means. The most recent event of late to do with war conflict is the Iraq war. Saddam Hussian we were told and could see was not a particularly pleasant man. I heard in papers and through television what he was doing to people and how he treated them. As Christians then in one point of view from the Sermon on the Mount we should forgive this man for his wrong doings and let him repent his own sins. This belief of forgiveness decelerates that should he recognise his wrongs and change his behaviour he could then be forgiven of his previous sins. Unfortunately Saddam was tolerant of the pain and suffering caused under his regime and unwilling to recognise a need to change his behaviour. However once captured Saddam was not subjected to the torture that he imposed but treated in a Christian and humane manner. Though as the passage states we should still maintain our Christian values and be forgiving, `to turn the other cheek`. An issue closer to home regarding conflict and Christianity is the fighting in Northern Ireland regarding the Catholics and Protestants. The two communities are constantly at war with one another over their faiths and in doing so are abandoning the core values of their religions. These two sets of people are following the `eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth`, way of dealing with their problems and issues, which has proven itself through twenty years of conflict to be ineffective and destructive. As again the passage from the Sermon on the Mount comes into effect and the two sides should realise that when a person of one side is killed they should not seek revenge and to kill, but to `live and let live`. Then this may result in an end to the violence and tragedies that are so often occurring. In the other effect towards Saddam Hussian issues we as Christians could most notice the quote of `An eye for and eye and a tooth for tooth`, from the Old Testament and do to Saddam the horrific things that we hear of him doing. Not many Christians, today I believe see this way of dealing with things. More to the point would not be really able as out generation of law and order would just not allow it. When people saw Saddam Hussian damaging an empire and country most I would have believed that they were angry and human instinct gets the better of belief. It is a natural feeling to become angry and upset with something or somebody. And this combining with believing that it is right to acknowledge the passage from the Old Testament results in terrible effects to peoples lives. Also this relates to the Wars going on around Northern Ireland. The two religions are constantly battling each other. We have seen the results of this situation and there is no justice to the trauma and deaths that are carried out.

Customer Relationship Management Plan for Hotel

Customer Relationship Management Plan for Hotel The Sao Paulo Case ABSTRACT The paper sets out to produce an outline customer relationship plan for a Brazilian hotel which has recently been taken over by a globally branded hotel chain. It begins with a review of selected literature which contains knowledge, techniques and ideas relevant to a customer relationship plan. Terms are defined within this section. The final section contains the action plan, which derives from ideas in the literature review section. 1. Introduction This report will consist of a concise, integrated customer relationship plan for Sao Paulo senior management with the specific aims of: reducing customer switching maintaining stakeholder relations in the service quality value chain Within this plan there will be: an identification of the gaps in Sao Paulo’s current approach to relationship marketing planning a description of internal and external relationships which impact the hotel proposed marketing objectives to help relaunch and reposition the hotel brand suggested developments of the brand an outline service quality management programme an outline CRM system an outline integrated marketing communications programme an outline internal marketing communications programme Input for the plan will be taken from the case material and the literature review which follows in section 2. 2. Literature Review This section will review the literature in a structured way. The first part will draw on lecture notes, text books and journal articles to clarify and explain aspects of: strategic marketing and branding relationship marketing and customer relationship management service quality management The second part will draw on three cases: The Ritz Carlton case Bergstrom Hotels Sao Paulo Hotel 2.1 Strategic Marketing and Branding Piercy defines strategy as simply being about: Being best at doing those things which matter most to customers Building shareholder value by achieving superior customer value Finding new and better ways of doing things to achieve the first two[1] If one accepts this no-nonsense definition it underscores the need for all companies to: Understand who your customers are and what matters to them Know how they perceive your service levels and what you must do to improve your performance Design and implement communication and management processes which make your strategy work In other words you need a plan. The planning process is described in the lecture notes as beginning with a Mission Statement and ending with implementation and measurement control. Before customer relationship objectives (the focus of the action plan below) can be identified and agreed the mission statement needs to be clearly understood as do the dynamics of the current market place. A SWOT analysis and Marketing Audit are effective tools for clarifying the company’s current position in the market, its performance so far and for suggesting possible changes in strategic and tactical moves. In a services business this will lead to the development of a customer relationship plan, which will be underpinned by a detailed understanding of the various internal and external stakeholders with whom one needs to develop and build relationships.[2] 2.2 Relationship Marketing and Customer Relationship Management â€Å"Relationship marketing concerns the shifting from activities of attracting customers to activities concerned with current customers and how to retain them. †¦At its core is the maintenance of relations between a company and its suppliers, channel intermediaries, public and customers.†[3] Focusing on retention is considered to be significantly more profitable than conversion of non-customers. CRM is a system to make relationship marketing work. The US writer, George Day sees CRM as a customer-responsive strategy, which seeks to give companies competitive advantage by: Delivering superior customer value by personalising the interaction between company and customer, Demonstrating trustworthiness Tightening connections with customers Achieving co-ordination of complex capabilities (functions, resources) within the company[4] Park Plaza International uses its new CRM system and global database to: â€Å"promote the hotels as a group, rather than an individually networked system, with targeted promotions and one-to-one marketing†¦.Through company profiling we will be able to identify who the biggest backers of the group are and who should be given special treatment, so that we can target our promotions accordingly†[5] Hwang and Chi[6] ,in their recent empirical study, highlight the fact that service personnel are the most important resource in the service sector and also the primary marketers. By helping to achieve customer satisfaction service personnel upgrade the entire performance of the organisation. The message to management is that they should engage in aggressive internal marketing to achieve and maintain a synergy of staff satisfaction and improved organisational performance. 2.3 Service Quality Management Customers will be loyal to a hotel, or a branded hotel chain, if they are satisfied with the quality and value offered. It is therefore important for service providers to know what influences these customer perceptions. Johnston suggests two approaches to understanding customers’ perceptions and judgements of service quality: The rational approach The incident-based approach[7] The rational approach suggests that customers consciously or unconsciously use a weighted average, so that a high score on one attribute or factor may offset a low score on another, to arrive at an overall evaluation of personal satisfaction. The SERVQUAL approach is based on the work of Parasuraman, Zeithamel and Berry[8] and sets out to measure customers’ perceptions of quality across 5 dimensions: Tangibles: physical facilities, equipment, appearance of personnel Reliability: abilities to perform the promised service dependably and accurately Responsiveness: willingness to help customers and provide prompt service Assurance: knowledge and courtesy of employees and ability to inspire trust and confidence Empathy: caring, individualistic attention provided by firm to customers A third approach suggests that any single incident, delighting or satisfying, could, whatever the weightings given to the other transactions, result in an overall feeling of dissatisfaction or delight. Another writer argues that â€Å"investment of time and money in quality improvement should concentrate on those areas of your business where the effort will have the greatest benefit†[9] Effort should not necessarily be directed to areas where you are worse than the competition if those factors are not so important to customers. 2.4 The Ritz-Carlton Case R-C has a total quality approach to the business. They fix causes not problems, i.e. they think about processes and systems to prevent problems and to ensure continuous quality. They set up a system to understand the real needs of their customers, to ensure delivery of these needs, to make it work continuously and to communicate all this to the market – not just an image-driven approach, but one which was conscious of the â€Å"experience† which customers were seeking. 2.4 Bergstrom Hotels[10] Bergstrom set up a total quality approach and system which was driven by senior management but acted on and supported by teams across the organisation. Vital components of the system are: training of all staff in internal customer relations, culture, process improvement and problem-solving, setting up and development of a data-base based on customer and employee surveys to drive improvement, open lines of communication and regular performance evaluation. Recognising staff contributions to quality of service was a key final element. The case demonstrates that significant quality improvements can be achieved without significant investment and ongoing cost. 2.5 Sao Paulo Case Sao Paulo is a recently refurbished hotel which is operating in a highly competitive market (with much price cutting) and unstable economy. It has recently been taken over by a hotel chain with a global brand name and a reputation for high service quality and the ability to build long-term relationships with stakeholders. It needs now to reposition itself in the Brazilian market such that it is clearly differentiated in stakeholders minds from the competition. Service must be the main differentiator, so an integrated customer relationship plan needs to be developed. 3. Action Plan for Improving Customer Relationships 3.1 Gaps in current approach Sao Paulo needs both to retain the loyalty of its current customer base and to grow via new customer and intermediary relationships. Growth will probably come via extended use of new services (e.g. restaurants and bars) by current customers and attracting new, more focused customer segments. This needs to be spelt out in its overall mission and made explicit with regard to individual stakeholders. 3.2 External and Internal Stakeholders Apart from the different customer segments important external stakeholders are: tour operators, airlines, travel agents and the many web-based hotel discounters. Local SP-based organisations such as the city hall and tourist office may also be influential in the communication of the hotel brand to intermediaries and potential customers. The current relationship-building approach appears to be re-active and now needs to become focused and pro-active. Important internal stakeholders are hotel employees – front-office staff and sales staff – and franchisees in the restaurants and bars. All need to be aligned with the culture of the refurbished and repositioned hotel. 3.3 Relaunching and Repositioning of the Brand The SP hotel is now part of a global chain. Its service level will need to be aligned with the core brand values of GHG and these values will need to be communicated to all stakeholders and acted upon by internal stakeholders if the communicated brand image is to be consistent with delivery on the ground. Proposed marketing objectives are to: grow the current customer base by 20% by increasing spend per customer and by improving retention by 10%; focus on excellent, caring service at a fair price. 3.4 Service-Quality Programme A customer survey should be carried out to establish which service attributes are important to customers. This should be linked to an assessment of the cost of correcting what goes wrong. The survey should be ongoing and reinforced by regular staff interaction with customers so as to identify any areas of dissatisfaction. Overall customer relationship objective will be to: create in the minds of all customers an experience of being cared for by warm, friendly staff who have your best interests at heart and will do all that they can to offer you speedy and professional assistance. This will be translated into specific CR objectives for the different stakeholders, all of whom will need to participate in service quality training programmes: Franchisees: communicate always in your words, dress and body language that you are a member of the SP team. Front-office staff: make the customer feel welcome, respected, valued and at home. Sales staff: communicate, warm, professional, helpful manner at all times, backed up by prompt follow-up. Service standards: FRONT DESK: Always smile at customers Address by name wherever possible Apologise for even slightest delay Never keep customer waiting without apologising Always do what you promise to do Be sensitive to cultural differences Keep desk and hall area clean at all times Always ask if you can be of further assistance – sincerely Never argue with a customer Try always to exceed expectations Service blueprint: Sales staff to CORPORATES (process service mix): Tangibles Dress smartly, speak warmly and professionally, ensure  that all promotional materials are packaged and presented professionally Reliability Be punctual, deliver what you promise Responsiveness Exceed customer expectations with your response times  and look always for creative solutions to difficult problems Assurance Be confident about the hotel and its qualities but radiate  courtesy at all times. Avoid over-familiarity and use of christian names, unless requested to do so Empathy Avoid any remarks/comments about religion, race,  culture. Be particularly sensitive to cultural differences and help people with language difficulties. Never make fun of anyone. Apologise for even the most minor errors Service guarantee for empowering FRONT-LINE STAFF: If a customer arrives after 19.00 and requests a rate  reduction you may offer him/her a room at a rate 20% below normal rate This service quality approach is in line with the realignment of the brand as a warm and caring hotel which offers fair prices. 3.5 CRM System A CRM system needs to be developed for the global chain. It would aim to profile customers both in order to communicate with them more effectively and to ensure that service features are adapted to meet individual requirements where possible. It should be seen as a support for the warm and caring approach, not a replacement. The communications programme would need to be consistent with, and integrated into, the CRM system. 3.6 Internal Marketing Programme Staff are at the heart of hotel service and underpin customer perception of quality. Training programmes must be run to ensure that all staff are aligned with the culture and attitudes of the hotel, are aware of service guidelines and have the requisite skills and knowledge. An appraisal and suggestions system will be introduced to help staff maintain requisite standards. Incentives will be introduced to encourage maintenance of these standards. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Barwise P. and Meehan S. (2004), Simply Better, Harvard Business School Press Cerasale M. and Stone M.(2004), Business Solutions on Demand, Kogan Page Johnston R. and Clark C. (2001), Service Operations Management, Prentice Hall Piercy N. (2002), Market-led Strategic Change, Butterworth Heinemann Journal Articles Breiter D., Tyink S. and Corey-Tuckwell S. (1995), Bergstrom Hotels; a case study  in quality†, Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol.7 No. 6 Brown T. (1997), â€Å"Using norms to improve the interpretation of service quality  measures†, Journal of Services Marketing, Vol.11, No.1, p.80 Day G. (2000), â€Å"Tying in an Asset†, in Understanding CRM, Financial Times  Editorial article, „CRM in Hotelsâ€Å", in Leisure Hospitality Business, September,  2001 Hwang I. and Chi D. (2005), â€Å"Relationships among Internal Marketing, Employee Job  Satisfaction and International Hotel Performance†, International Journal of  Management, Vol.22 No.2 Parasuraman A., Zeithamel V. and Berry L. (1988), â€Å"SERVQUAL: a Multiple Item  Scale for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Quality†, Journal of Retailing,  Vol.64, No.1 Spring Footnotes [1] Piercy N. (2002), Market-led Strategic Change, p. 273 [2] Lecture Notes – Key Issues from the Marketing Audit to Prioritise Actions in a Relationship Services  Marketing Plan [3] Jobber D. (2004), Principles and Practice of Marketing, McGraw-Hill, p. 117 [4] Day G. (2000), â€Å"Tying in an Asset†, in Understanding CRM, Financial Times [5] Editorial article, „CRM in Hotelsâ€Å", in Leisure Hospitality Business, September, 2001 [6] Hwang I. and Chi D. (2005), â€Å"Relationships among Internal Marketing, Employee Job Satisfaction  and International Hotel Performance†, International Journal of Management, Vol.22 No.2, p.291 [7] Johnston R. And Clark G. (2001), Service Operations Management, Prentice Hall, p. 102 [8] Parasuraman A., Zeithamel V. and Berry L. (1988), â€Å"SERVQUAL: a Multiple Item scale for  Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Quality†, Journal of Retailing, Vol.64, No.1 Spring [9] Brown T. (1997), â€Å"Using norms to improve the interpretation of service quality measures†, Journal of  Services Marketing, Vol.11, No.1, p.80 [10] Breiter D., Tyink S. and Corey-Tuckwell S. (1995), Bergstrom Hotels; a case study in quality†,  Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol.7 No. 6

Strategies to Counteract Online Radicalization

Strategies to Counteract Online Radicalization CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW The purpose of this study is to evaluate existing Bangladeshi efforts to counter radicalization through the internet, identify its weaknesses, and explore opportunities. This research will analyze the significant aspects of successful counter radicalization models of different countries, and suggest ways to incorporate those in Bangladesh to develop a coherent anti-radicalization strategy. Initially, this literature review will discuss the concept of radicalization through the cyberspace. It will allow the readers to follow the subsequent analysis and the suggestions to develop a mechanism in Bangladesh to counter this menace. The literature review is divided into three sections: understanding online radicalization, online radicalization from a Bangladeshi perspective, and significant aspects of successful international anti-radicalization programs. Understanding online radicalization will examine the potential power of the internet to influence people and the process of radicalization. The section on online radicalization from a Bangladeshi perspective will at first, briefly assess the relevant threats in Bangladesh and will then, identify and evaluate the existing programs of countering online radicalization. The final section will study the strategies adopted by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), The U.S. National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), and the current programs undertaken by Malaysia and Indonesia. These two countries of Southeast Asia have been selected due to religious and cultural similarities, and geographic proximity. Their programs appear to be effective against online radicalization. Understanding Online Radicalization The internet appears to create more opportunities to become radicalized. Many scholarly articles ascribe a role to the internet in promoting radicalization[1]. Those studies suggest that the internet acts as an accelerant, and has broken the traditional barriers to radicalize individuals[2]. In this regard, Gabriel Weimanns Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, The New Challenges counts the number of websites of terrorist groups and reviews their contents[3]. In his article, Weimann points to the proliferation of extremists web sites. He founds, by the end of 1999, almost all terrorist groups established their online presence. Different empirical studies suggest, there is a correlation between extremists web sites and online propaganda, and rapid radicalization. The internet enables the terrorists to reach otherwise unreachable individuals. The reach of the internet has blurred the geographic barriers, and connected the distant individuals in the virtual world. Peter Neumann in his research points that the internet allows the terrorists to reach those individuals who would not have been accessible in any other way[4]. For example, Anwar al-Awlaki[5] successfully created online contents such as Inspire that advocates jihad from home. Ines von Behr asserts, these kind of online materials have broaden the scope to reach any people, and their appealing contents create more chance to implant radical ideas among the individuals[6]. The internet creates opportunities to radicalize a wider range of people from all societies. Rachel and Strugnell identify, beside removing the geographic barrier, the internet has erased the social and gender barriers as well to spread extremist ideologies. They highlight on the internet created scope to reach and radicalize the women[7]. In many societies, it may be difficult for women to meet personally with male extremists or work with them; it may also be difficult for the women to express certain thoughts in public. However, the internet allows them greater anonymity[8]. Some authors opine, the internet benefits the introvert individuals who are seeking the radical ideas by creating a scope to access any content privately[9]. Jerome Bjelopera says,ÂÂ   the characteristics of the internet allows a relative advantage to the terrorists in the present days than their previous generations by fading the lines between countries, societies, and genders[10]. The internet provides s upposed anonymity and a degree of protection and security from detection[11]. The internet accelerates the process of radicalization. Bjelopera terms the internet as an echo chamber[12]. It means, people who are searching any radical ideas to support their sketchy thoughts are likely to get some reinforcing contents on the internet due to its massive storage. The internet is a kind of one-stop shop for all the information that an individual may seek to underline his radical ideas that expedites his radicalization process. The virtual world reduces the timeframe of radicalization process as opposed to the actual world. Anthony Bergin in his study refers the internet as a conveyor belt that accelerates the radicalization process by providing instantaneous and continuous connection to any violent idea[13]. Raffaello Pantucci further highlights the internets role in incubating and accelerating radicalization[14]. Robert Schmidle points that, the chat rooms in particular are effective for the extremists since they can exchange ideas with like-minded individuals 24/ 7 regardless of borders[15]. Therefore, the internet expedites the radicalization process of any individual by offering varieties of contents and continuous interaction. The internet allows radicalization to occur without physical contact. Yeap and Park explain, the internet enables any individual to access radical contents from their personal space instead of attending a radical religious gathering[16]. Therefore, an individual need only the internet connection, physical travelling to other location is no more essential. Though the internet reduces hurdles to interaction, few scholars may argue that human interaction is necessary for radicalization. However, Behr says, in a digital era the online activities may be considered as an extension of the real lives, and physical connection is no more essential[17]. Beside the actual world, personal relationship may grow in the virtual world as well. Thus, Mitchell Silber and Arvin Bhatt asserts, radicalization on the internet is not necessarily any different to what would happen with other more private and less visible sources[18]. Besides, the internet increases opportunities for self-radicalization. It i s a process where an individual gradually become radicalized by himself [19]. Hence, the internet creates opportunities of radicalization without human interaction. An individual move through several phases as he becomes radicalized through the cyberspace. In a New York Police Department radicalization case study, Silber and Bhatt identify four phases of radicalization: pre-radicalization, self-identification, indoctrination and jihadization[20]. The case study recognizes the impact of the internet on the radicalization process as an individual looking for an identity and a cause[21]. The internet facilitates in each of the stages to instruct, socialize, indoctrinate and recruit[22]. The FBI has also created a radicalization model similar to that of the NYPD. The FBI model has four stages: pre-radicalization, identification, indoctrination and action[23]. These categories are almost similar to NYPD. The diagram below illustrates the Moghaddams staircase to radicalization where the online contents play a complementary role: Moghaddam Staircase to Radicalization Source: Moghaddam, Fathali M. The Staircase to Terrorism, A Psychological Exploration, Vol. 60, No. 2, American Psychologist, 2005. Online Radicalization in Bangladeshi Perspective Terrorists Approach and their Target Audience In Bangladesh, few religion based terrorist organizations have gained capabilities to develop and spread their radical messages online. They have attracted public and media attention through their activities and propagation. Besides, few leftist political groups are also trying to develop their online capabilities. At present 13 terrorist organizations are operating actively and 29 others are operating covertly using fake credentials[24]. The Special Branch of Bangladesh Police has provided the names of eight terrorist organizations to Home Ministry who are very active on the internet: Ansarullah Bangla Team, Allahr Dal, Islamic Solidarity Front, Tamiruddin Bangladesh, Tawhidee Trust, Hizbut-Tawhid, Shahdat-e-Nabuwat and Jamat-as-Sadat. Five of these terrorist organizations have already been banned by the government, and eight more are yet to be banned[25]. These groups may have significant investment, both human and financial, to build their online capacities. The terrorist groups of Bangladesh appear to be active on the internet, particularly in Facebook and YouTube, to spread radical preaching. This is safer, and lower possibility of being tracked by the law enforcing agencies. Farooq opines, the online propaganda of the terrorists in Bangladesh have become more organized, and appealing to their targets[26]. Arman claims that the terrorists try to exploit the ethno-religious sentiment of the people while developing their messages, and appeal to their believes to embed their radical ideas[27]. Over the last few years, hate speeches and violent ideologies that spread through the internet triggered a number of terrorist attacks and communal violence in Bangladesh. This was evident in Ramu and Pabna incidents where mass attacks were carried out on religious minority people. In both cases, unidentified persons using pseudonyms posted doctored photos and messages on the Facebook defaming Islam that agitated people[28]. Social media have become the easiest means to spread radical ideas in Bangladesh. Bangladeshi youths are particularly vulnerable to online radicalization due to lack of cyber awareness. Farooq in his study opines, the terrorists seem to target the educated youths by spreading appealing messages on the Internet[29]. It is easier to radicalize the youths than the elders since they are more connected to the online world. Farooq also opines, many Bangladeshi youths at first just curiously run across radical contents, and gradually fall into the traps unconsciously. The concept of cyber awareness and related programs seem insufficient in Bangladesh. As a result, neither the youths nor their parents or guardians are aware about the online traps. Immediately after the terrorist attack at the Holey Artisan Bakery restaurant, RAB released a list of 261 missing youths across the country[30]. These missing youths are suspected to have joined various terrorist groups. The terrorists in Bangladesh attempt to build their radical narratives based on religious and socio-political contentious issues. Nirmal Ghosh opines, though Bangladesh is politically a secular country, the terrorist appeal to the Muslim majority population to make it an Islamic state under Sariah law[31]. They seem to exploit the religious sentiment of the people. These groups intentionally create fake photos with radical messages such as prosecution of Muslim Rohingyas and spread those on social media to instill communal violence in the country[32]. Furthermore, the extremists adeptly construct radical narratives on socio-economic disparity and political issues to create sympathizers. Bangladeshi Counter Radicalization Programs The Bangladesh government has implemented several plans and strategies to counter radicalization in the country. However, Abul Kalam argues that, the government has mostly implemented coercive approaches to minimize the terrorist threats[33]. Aynul Islam in his article, categorizes the government initiatives into two types: operational drives by the law and security forces, and legal initiatives[34]. The law enforcement agencies have achieved some success in disrupting few of the extremist groups. Many extremist leaders and activists have been arrested, put under trial. However, the terrorists online activities apparently remain undisrupted due to lack of government action. The National Monitoring Cell (NMC) monitors the suspicious online activities, but it has limited capacity and expert workforce. The government effort to shut down or censor few websites seem not very effective, because extremists innovate new ways to reach people. Moreover, it is difficult to identify and stop sec ret groups in social networking sites that contains radical ideas. Bangladesh government has enacted a few legislations to ensure the cyber security. Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Act 2001, The ICT Act 2006, Digital Security Act 2016 (Draft) are at present the main legislations of Bangladesh to enforce cyber security. On 11 June 2008, the Anti-Terrorism Ordinance 2008 was approved by the government, and was amended in 2013[35]. The new counter terrorism legislation has kept maximum punishment a death sentence for terrorist activities. However, in most cases the laws have not been enforced against persons who carry out propaganda in the cyberspace. Bangladesh has number of agencies with counterterrorism cells. Islam opines, capabilities and activities of these agencies are not orchestrated[36]. Their roles are not specified, and efforts are fragmented. The Bangladesh Police, the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), Bangladesh Rifles (BDR), armed forces and intelligence agencies are mainly responsible for fighting terrorism. All of these forces have counter terrorism cells, but they work separately. He further argues that, the police are not well equipped and trained to deal with the new trends of online terrorism. The intelligence agencies are essential apparatus in support of operational activities. The National Security Intelligence (NSI), the Directorate General of Forces Intelligence (DGFI), Special Branch (SB) of Police and the RAB intelligence wing have been working in Bangladesh to identify the potential threat sources. There is no set mechanism through which the forces can share intelligence and coordinate their collection eff orts. In May 2004, NSI constituted a separate body called counter terrorism cell to identify specific risk population and areas, and threat groups. The counter terrorism bureau of DGFI, has been working to evaluate, analyze, and frame counter terrorism policy at strategic and operational level[37]. Nonetheless, there is no overarching organization to synchronize these wide varieties of organizations in the country[38]. Islam in his article, Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh, identifies few key deficiencies of Bangladeshi programs to prevent radicalization[39]. First, Bangladesh has no set mechanism to monitor the internet for preventing radical ideas. He opines that there is a lack of knowledge and understanding of the threats that can spread through online. Neither the country has sufficient technological and organizational expertise, nor it has workable international cooperation for capacity building. Second, the law enforcement agencies do not have close link with the other service sectors or private sectors to identify suspicious activities. Third, the Bangladesh government is not sufficiently addressing strategic issues like de-radicalization and counter ideology. Fourth, there is a very limited initiative to educate professional groups like academics, media community, service sector officials, and political leaders to create general awareness. There is almost no community based programs in the country for developing cyber awareness. Fifth, the government overemphasizes coercive approaches in dealing with terrorism issues. There is no dedicated research institution in the government to provide forum for understanding and research on critical issues of terrorism like online radicalization. Although the counter terrorism bureau of DGFI is responsible for policy related activities, it is barely possible to formulate a viable strategy by a body of armed forces alone. Finally, he mentions that, in Bangladesh, strategies and policies are highly bureaucratic, ambiguous, and unaccountable[40]. References [1] Precht, Tomas. Homegrown Terrorism and Islamist Radicalisation in Europe: From Conversion to Terrorism. An Assessment of the Factors Influencing Violent Islamist Extremism and Suggestions for Counter Radicalisation Measures, Copenhagen: Danish Ministry of Defence, 2008. [2] Pantucci, Raffaello. A Typology of Lone Wolves: Preliminary Analysis of Lone Islamist Terrorists. Developments in Radicalisation and Political Violence, International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, 2011. [3] Weimann, Gabriel. Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, The New Challenges. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2006. [4] Neumann, Peter R. Options and Strategies for Countering Online Radicalization in the United States. Studies in Conflict Terrorism, 2013. [5] Anwar al-Awlaki was a spokesperson and recruiter for Al Qaida. [6] Ines von Behr, AnaÃÆ'Â ¯s Reding, Charlie Edwards, Luke Gribbon. Radicalisation in The Digital Era. RAND Corporation, 2103. 17. [7] Briggs, Rachel and Alex Strugnell. Radicalisation: The Role of the Internet. Policy Planners Network Working Paper, London: Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2011. [8] Schmidle, Robert E. Positioning Theory and Terrorist Networks. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2009, 65. [9] Torok, Robyn. Make a Bomb in Your Mums Kitchen: Cyber Recruiting and Socialisation of White Moors and Home Grown Jihadists. Edith Cowan University Research Online, 2010. [10] Bjelopera, Jerome P. American Jihadist Terrorism: Combating a Complex Threat. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Washington, DC: Congress Research Service, 2011, 101-102. [11] Weimann. Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, The New Challenges. [12] Bjelopera. American Jihadist Terrorism: Combating a Complex Threat. 101-102. [13] Bergin, Anthony. Countering Online Radicalisation in Australia. Australian Strategic Policy Institute Forum, 2009. [14] Pantucci, Raffaello. A Typology of Lone Wolves: Preliminary Analysis of Lone IslamistÂÂ   Terrorists. Developments in Radicalisation and Political Violence, International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, 2011. [15] Schmidle, Robert E. Positioning Theory and Terrorist Networks. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2009, 65. [16] Yeap, Su Yin and Jenna Park, Countering Internet Radicalisation: A Holistic Approach. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 2010. 2. [17] Ines von Behr, AnaÃÆ'Â ¯s Reding, Charlie Edwards, Luke Gribbon. Radicalisation in the Digital Era. RAND Corporation 2013. P.20. [18] Silber, Mitchell D. and Arvin Bhatt. Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. New York: New York City Police Department, 2007. [19] Change Institute. Studies into Violent Radicalisation: Lot 2 The Beliefs Ideologies and Narratives. 2008. [20] Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. 6-7. [21] Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. 8. [22] Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. 8-9. [23] Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. 30. [24] Farooq Sobhan. The Role of Civil Society in Countering Radicalization in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Dhaka 2014. P. 8. [25] Farooq Sobhan. The Role of Civil Society in Countering Radicalization in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Dhaka 2014. P. 8. [26] Sobhan, Farooq. The Role of Civil Society in Countering Radicalization in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Dhaka 2014. 13. [27] Tanbir Uddin Arman. New Media, Digital Radicalization and Social Security. The Bangladesh Today, 2015. [28] Arman. New Media, Digital Radicalization and Social Security. The Bangladesh Today, 2015. [29] Farooq Sobhan. The Role of Civil Society in Countering Radicalization in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Dhaka 2014. 10. [30] Bdnews24.com. Web: http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/07/20/rab-releases-list-of-261-persons-missing-from-across-bangladesh. http://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/battle-for-bangladeshs-soul-as-islamic-radicals-push-for-power [32] Tuhin Shubhra Adhikary and Wasim Bin Habib, Fake photos trolling, http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/fake-photos-trolling-1320613 [33] Kalam, Abul. The Challenges of Terrorism: Bangladesh Responses. Moni, SD. (ed) Responding to Terrorism in South Asia, Monohar, New Delhi, 2006. [34] Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 165. [35] The Daily Star, 18 June 2008. [36] Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 165. [37] Hussain, Sakhawat M. Capacity Building of Law Enforcement and Intelligence Agencies. Farooq Sobhan, ed, Counter Terrorism in Bangladesh. University Press Limited, Dhaka, 2008, p. 70. [38] Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 165. [39] Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 167-168. [40] Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 167-168.

The Physics Of An Earthquake :: essays research papers

Earthquakes are vibrations produced in the earth's outer layer, or crust, when forces pushing on a mass of rock overcome the friction holding the rock in place and blocks of rock slip against each other. The vibrations can range from barely noticeable to verry destructive. There are six types of shock waves. Two are classified as body waves which means they travel through the earth's interior and the other four are surface waves. The waves are changed by the rock types or formations they hit. Primary or compressional waves (P waves) send particles moveing back and forth in the same direction as the waves are traveling, secondary or transverse shear waves (S waves) send vibrations perpendicular to their direction of travel. P waves always travel at higher velocities than S waves. Three general classes of earthquakes are now recognized as tectonic, volcanic, and artificially produced. The tectonic variety is by far the most destructive. The most commen cause of tectonic quakes is stre sses by movements of the dozen of major and minor plates that make up the earth's crust . Most tectonic quakes occur at the boundaries of these plates, in zones where one plate slides past another Subduction-zone quakes account for nearly half of the world's destructive seismic events and 75 percent of the earth's seismic energy. They are along the so-called Ring of Fire, a narrow band about 38,600 km long, that coincides with the sides of the Pacific Ocean. The points at which crustal rupture occurs in such quakes tend to be far below the earth's surface, at depths of up to 645 km. Not all subduction zones are subject to frequent earthquakes. The frequency and magnitude of earthquakes around subduction zones are related to the direction in which the plates are moving. If two plates moving in the same general direction come close together, generally the edge of one plate will slide below the other at a sharp angle. This reduces the amount of area in which the plates touch, so the subduction zone does not produce many earthquakes and any earthquakes it does produce are not as strong. If two plates are sliding beside each other, one plate will often be forced under the other at a shallow angle, making a large area of friction. This produces more frequent, stronger earthquakes. Tectonic earthquakes beyond the Ring of Fire occur in a variety of geological settings.

Ghana: The Gold Coast of Africa Essay -- Geography

Ghana: The Gold Coast of Africa The Gold Coast, now known as Ghana, is one of many civilizations of Africa. It was a British Colony until March 6, 1957, when it became independent as the State of Ghana. In 1471, the Portuguese invaded this area and became involved in gold trade, giving the region the name, The Gold Coast. They built forts to protect their monopoly of gold trade from merchants representing other nations. In 1642, the Dutch West India Company captured all Portuguese strong posts and they devoted their interests in slave trading rather than gold trading. In the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, the Gold Coast was one of the chief West African sources of slave export. At the beginning of the Nineteenth Century the countries involved in slave trading began abolishing it as illegal and immoral. The British abolished it in 1807, the Danish is 1804 and the Dutch in 1814. In 1821, British forts were transferred from private ownership to government control. The Gold Coast became a British colony and the new government was known...

Li&Fung Case

Li & Fung Established in 1906, Hong Kong–based Li & Fung is now one of the largest multinational trad-ing companies in the developing world, with annual sales of more than $7 billion in 2005, up from just $1. 2 billion in 2000. The company, which is still run by the grandsons of the founder, Victor and William Fung, does not see itself as a traditional trading enterprise. Rather, it sees itself as an expert in supply chain management for its 500 or so customers. These customers are a diverse group and include clothing retailers and consumer electronics companies.Li & Fung takes orders from customers and then sifts through its network of 7,500 independent suppliers located in 40 countries to find the right manufacturing enterprises to produce the product for customers at the most attractive combination of cost and quality. Attaining this goal frequently requires Li & Fung to break up the value chain and disperse different productive activities to manufacturers located in differ ent countries depending on an assessment of factors such as labor costs, trade barriers, transportation costs, and so on.Li & Fung then coordinates the whole process, managing the logistics and arranging for the shipment of the finished product to the customer. Typical of its customers is The Limited, Inc. , a large U. S. -based chain of retail clothing stores. The Limited outsources much of its manufacturing and logistics functions to Li & Fung. The process starts when The Limited comes to Li & Fung with designer sketches of clothes for the next fashion season.Li & Fung takes the basic product concepts and researches the market to find the right kind of yarn, dye, buttons, and so on; it then assembles these into prototypes that The Limited can inspect. Once The Limited has settled on a prototype, it will give Li & Fung an order and ask for delivery within five weeks. The short time between an order and requested delivery is necessitated by the rapid rate of product obsolescence in the fashion clothing industry. With order in hand, Li & Fung distributes the various aspects of the overall manufacturing process to different producers depending on their capabilities and costs.For example, Li & Fung might decide to purchase yarn from a Korean company but have it woven and dyed in Taiwan. So Li & Fung will arrange for the yarn to be picked up from Korea and shipped to Taiwan. The Japanese might have the best zip-pers and buttons, but they manufacture them mostly in China. So Li & Fung will go to YKK, a big Japanese zipper manufacturer, and order the right zip-pers from its Chinese plants. Then Li & Fung might decide that due to con-straints imposed by export quotas and labor costs, the best place to make the final garments might be in Thailand.So everything will be shipped to Thailand. In addition, because The Limited, like many retail customers, needs quick delivery, Li & Fung might divide the order across five factories in Thailand. Five weeks after the order has been received, the garments will arrive on the shelves of The Limited, all looking like they came from one factory, with colors perfectly matched. The result is a product that may have a label that says â€Å"Made in Thailand,† but it is a global product.To better serve the needs of its customers, Li & Fung is divided into numer-ous small, customer-focused divisions. There is a theme store division that serves a handful of customers such as Warner Brothers; there is a division for The Limited, and another for Gymboree, a U. S. -based children’s clothing store. Walk into one of these divisions, such as the one for Gymboree, and you will see that every one of the 40 or so people there is focused solely on meeting Gymboree’s needs. On every desk is a computer with a direct software link to Gymboree.The staff is organized into specialized teams in areas such as design, technical support, merchandising, raw material pur-chasing, quality assurance, and shipping. Thes e teams also have direct elec-tronic links to dedicated staff in Li & Fung’s branch offices in various countries where Gymboree buys in volume, such as China, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Thus, Li & Fung uses information systems to manage, coordinate, and control the globally dispersed design, production, and shipping process to ensure that the time between receipt of an order and delivery is minimized, as are overall costs.

European History: Fascism Essay

After World contend I, Europe struggles to return to peace and stability. umteen newfoundfangled democratic governments fell isolated under the attack of the bully Depression. As a result, new totalistic regimes emerged much(prenominal) as Fascism and Communism. Totalitarian is a relating carcass of governments that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state. By making the some come forth of new technologies of locoweed communications, dictators were able to succeed support of their populations. Europes inability to deal with economic depression and the semi policy-making movements lead to World contend II. mess lost faith in capitalism and then turned to a new system of government called fascism, which contributed to economic issues, political movements and dictatorship. At the end of World state of war I, Europe was faced with economic problems. more than 25 million were unemployed landwide. (Document 5) The Great depression e ffected scrimping, with global effort dropping 36%m and world trade decreasing by 62%. The governments during World War engaged in heavy borrowing which caused iflation. Much of European economy was built on the loans from the unify States.One area, Ger more had high level of interest, which low-down agriculture and industry, a burden on taxes and external debt. In the beginning of the form of 1931 with the highest unemployment rate of 23. 3. (Document 6) Fascism preached several ideas that benefited a country. fascistics believed that a nation must struggle i n order to be h superstarst and strong, peaceful countries were attacked. Germany, a fascist country under the rule of Adolf Hilter was one of them. (Document 2) Fascism, the new militant political movement, emphasized committedness to the state and respect to its leader. Politician, Benito Mussolini founder the Fascist Party in 1919.In October 1922, nearly 30,000 fascist marched to put Mussolini in focusing of the g overnment. He abolished democracy, outlawed all political parties, and control the economy by allying the Fascists with the industrialist and landowners. (Document 1) hostile Hilter joined a political gathering where their goal was that Germany should overturn the Treaty of Versailles and weight-lift against communism. The political group was ulterior on called the Nazis. Unlike communism, which supported the working and refuse class, the Nazis were supported by the middle or lower middle class, whereas later make a branch of fascism.Germanys economy was desperate during the depression, and unfortunately people in the end turned to Hilter. (Document 2) Hilter wanted more than political and economic ability. He turned to mass communications, such as radios literature, press, paintings and films as propaganda tools. Media that was against national socialism was burned and churches were forbidden to criticize. Hatred towards Jews was one main point about the Nazi ideology. Hil ter figured that Jews were the cause of trouble. (Document 12) They passed laws that took away most right from Jews in 1933.By 1932, Nazis were the biggest political leaders and was continuing to grow. (Document 7) Hilter had absolute power for years, causing Germany to change into a totalitarian state. Adolf Hilter is Germany and Germany is Adolf Hilter. Hess says. (Document 2) Fascism was similar to communism. They both were ruled by dictators and denied individual rights. People who were frustrated by the peace treaties after World War I and the Great Depression were recreate to hear the message and accepted Fascism because it was beneficial. This brought many issues to Europe once again, then later causing World War II.

Assess the View on Whether or Not Roles in Relationships

H/W treasure the view that roles and dealing among couples atomic number 18 go much qualified (24 Marks) Numerous sociologists encounter suggested that a large number of relationships be now proper more proportionate in compare to the traditional families looking for back 40, 100, 200 years ago. They swan that the traditional male and female roles are no drawn-out as they were before, it has only fallen apart, and hence relationships wipe out been meet more equal. Some sociologists much(prenominal) as Wilmot and Young betoken that in however families, normal domestic duties are roughly likely to be shared by both parties and they are both very(prenominal) likely to be make uping.Thus it all undoes the tradition of the past in which a adult female would care for the children and the home, and the man world the breadwinner would division out and work. Some sociologists excessively argue that the decision making is no longer only within the mans hand as it once was, and also in the womans hands, the symmetrical family has an equal partnership in decision making. All this evidence leads any(prenominal) sociologists to view the roles and relations of couples to have been becoming just aboutwhat more equal in compare to the past.On the other hand, some sociologists such as Morgan(1996) argue that women now exact part in an act know as the Triple Shift, this is when women go out and work, but then also do domestic work when at home and give emotional remain firm to partner and children. As a result, some(prenominal) feminists would argue that the roles and relations of couples are non equal, but actually unfair, the woman is doing so much more than her partner. This views result in some sociologist believing that roles and relations have changed in compare to the past, but in a path towards the woman doing more work than the man, making her the breadwinner.In conclusion, many sociologists deliberate that the roles and relations of couples have been becoming more equal, but at that place are some who still view it to not being equal at all, and some even arguing that women are doing more work than the men. From this evidence it is clear to say that it is not clear whether or not roles and relations are becoming more equal, but many sociologists argue that there has been a big change in compare to the past traditions, but whether or not its towards the path of the more equal is still being argued by many. Siad Mohamed Siyad