Assessing a Underachieving Employee Essay

Executive Summary This is a short study about measuring an underachieving employee that I personally had to cover with. It discusses the jobs that arose. I analysed them and so put into topographic point a twosome of solutions. The most debatable work state of affairs that I personally encountered was with a work co-worker who was a immature lady working at the Cooperative nutrient group and she was underperforming. This relates to the constructs of book2. An debut to human resource direction in concern. session 4 Assessing and developing people at work. When my work co-worker foremost started working at the Cooperative she was an first-class worker who gave 100 % all the clip. She had worked at the Cooperative for merely over two old ages and we were in the procedure of believing about advancing her from a client service helper to a supervisor. She started to do errors at the check-out procedure. our director noticed hard currency deficits. losing dealing paperwork and errors on the lottery and paypoint terminuss. As a supervisor my director asked me to supervise the state of affairs over a two hebdomad period and to compose down any errors or hard currency deficits and put the day of the months they happened so that our director could make up one's mind what the following class of action would be. Measuring a Underachieving EmployeeThe analysis of the jobs that arose. I am utilizing constructs from book 2. An debut to human resource direction in concern. session 4. assessing and developing people at work. These errors that my work co-worker were doing could be go oning for a figure of grounds. She could be holding fiscal troubles so she has stolen the money that is why there are hard currency deficits. nevertheless that does non explicate why the other errors have occurred on the lottery and paypoint terminuss and it’s really easy to leap to the incorrect decision when analyzing this. I believe the chief point to be about public presentation direction as it states in book 2. session 4. 1. public presentation direction â€Å"ensuring that staff are motivated† . I don’t believe she is motivated any longer. as when she is at work she is stuck on a check-out procedure for really long periods of clip. There is no assortment in her occupation function to maintain her motivated. and to be absolutely honest when other members of staff are busy she does acquire forgotten approximately and if she does non inquire the other members of staff she would non even acquire her interruptions as they forget about her. Making the same thing twenty-four hours in twenty-four hours and twenty-four hours out can go a spot humdrum. This is why her public presentation has started to endure as she feels deflated and demotivated. It is as though she has given up on this occupation and merely turns up because she has to and she needs the money. As it states in book 2. session 4. 2 Measuring public presentation â€Å"the individual may miss way or be working to less than full capacity† . Which in this instance I believe to be true. This will impact how the concern is run if non cover with as other members of staff could get down to make the same. Customers will non desire to shop at that place if t he staff don’t show an involvement. The criterions that were one time at that place will get down to drop ensuing in a negative impact on the concern. A solution to the jobs that occurredThe first thing I would make would be to put up a record of meetings with this work co-worker and our director. This is a treatment about what is go oning and it is recorded for future mention. At this meeting I would discourse how we can travel frontward together as a squad. I would explicate to her the importance of her occupation function and how of import it is to acquire it right. I would put her little accomplishable marks to take for with wagess given when achieved. Arranging regular meetings is besides a good thought ; this could be done as a public presentation assessment. As it states in book 2. session 4. 4. table 4. 2. it has the â€Å"Opportunity to actuate staff by recognizing achievements† . I believe this is what is needed in this state of affairs. she needs to experience like a valued squad member. this would so give her the motive needed to make her occupation right and to her full capacity. the concern will so be more prod uctive as it stated in book 2. session 4. 2 Assessing public presentation. I may so look into whether she would be interested in altering her occupation function a small. for illustration. stock refilling. and bringing bringings in. look intoing day of the months on merchandises. that kind of thing. This would give her some assortment in her occupation and hopefully actuate her once more. This would necessitate more preparation and cost the concern. nevertheless if she is merely on the check-out procedures and non been monitored she is bing the concern money anyhow through the errors she is doing. Some of this preparation would be done externally. through preparation classs. nevertheless most of the preparation would be done by training. As it states in book 2. session 4. 6. Developing is non merely preparation classs. â€Å"coaching ; a manner of reassigning cognition and accomplishment from a more experient individual to a less experient person† . I think this is the best manner frontward for this work co-worker in this state of affairs.Research fr om the Internet I looked on the cyberspace and did some research to see how to develop underperformers at work. I found two the first 1 was Yourbusiness. azcentral. com. It fundamentally states that underperformers inhibit teamwork and lower morale of other staff members. It besides says you need to organize relationships with employees. so you can make a willingness to assist the person. It besides says to put incremental ends for the employee. What this web site was stating made sense. nevertheless I’m non certain how dependable this beginning is as it wants me to subscribe to them. The following 1 I looked at was World Wide Web. acas. org. uk. I found this website really interesting as it gives a full list of different signifiers that you can publish including appraisal signifiers. absence record sheets and tonss of information about how to pull off public presentation. I believe this to be a dependable beginning as this administration is devoted to forestalling and deciding employment iss ues. besides it wasn’t seeking to sell me anything. Tutor group forumI peculiarly enjoyed the coach group forum activity 2. 1 – Work Pleasure or Pain? It was nice that most people thought the same as me. in that they enjoyed their work. My hubby hates work and ne'er understands how I can bask traveling to work. I wholly agreed with what Mark Pickering said in that work is a pleasance and that it allows me to accomplish my ends in life. while supplying for my household. Mentions Book 2 ( 2012 ) ‘An debut to human resource direction in business’ The Open University. Milton Keynes. Study Companion ( 2012 ) . The Open University. Milton Keynes.Yourbusiness. azcentral. com.World Wide Web. acas. org. United Kingdom

Machiavelli’s The Prince

Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian historian, statesman and a political philospher. He was born on May 3, 1469 in Florence. He first entered the government service as a clerk and became prominent in 1498 when Florentine was proclaimed as a Republic. (Kemerling, 2006) Machiavelli was engaged into differen diplomatic missions and because of these missions, he met a lot of Italian rulers and studied their political tactics. After a long time of public service, the republic collapsed and he was driven from his post. It was in 1513 when he wrote â€Å"The Prince†, hoping that he can secure the favor the Medici family, thye ruling family in Florence that time. He addresed this to an Italian prince which is from the Medici family. (Encarta, 2007) The Prince is concerned with different principles that founded a state, hence, he described the method on how a prince can acquire and maintain his political power. He also stated in this book his belief that a ruler should not be bound by traditional ethical norms. (Kemerling, 2006) During the Renaissance, there were new attitudes toward politics that accompanies the new forms of political organizations. Huamnists stated that progress of a place should be natural and no-religious. Machiavelli's The Prince tried to find a base for the art of governance not depending on Christian principles but on science. In 16th century, he focused more on how to preserve a state and these ideas were refrlected in The prince and became part of the political environment. This new political perspective appeared not only in Italy but also in the monarchies of the North and were introduced in different writings. Although it was not universally accepted, it was recognized during Renaissance and changed the political thinking. (Encarta, 2007) References â€Å"Niccolo Machiavelli†. retrieved April 28, 2008. http:/www.philosophypages.com/ph/macv.htm â€Å"Niccolo Machiavelli†.(2007). retrieved April 28, 2008. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. http://encarta.ms.com. Machiavelli’s The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian historian, statesman and a political philospher. He was born on May 3, 1469 in Florence. He first entered the government service as a clerk and became prominent in 1498 when Florentine was proclaimed as a Republic. (Kemerling, 2006) Machiavelli was engaged into differen diplomatic missions and because of these missions, he met a lot of Italian rulers and studied their political tactics. After a long time of public service, the republic collapsed and he was driven from his post. It was in 1513 when he wrote â€Å"The Prince†, hoping that he can secure the favor the Medici family, thye ruling family in Florence that time. He addresed this to an Italian prince which is from the Medici family. (Encarta, 2007) The Prince is concerned with different principles that founded a state, hence, he described the method on how a prince can acquire and maintain his political power. He also stated in this book his belief that a ruler should not be bound by traditional ethical norms. (Kemerling, 2006) During the Renaissance, there were new attitudes toward politics that accompanies the new forms of political organizations. Huamnists stated that progress of a place should be natural and no-religious. Machiavelli's The Prince tried to find a base for the art of governance not depending on Christian principles but on science. In 16th century, he focused more on how to preserve a state and these ideas were refrlected in The prince and became part of the political environment. This new political perspective appeared not only in Italy but also in the monarchies of the North and were introduced in different writings. Although it was not universally accepted, it was recognized during Renaissance and changed the political thinking. (Encarta, 2007)

Nursing Practice Act

Nursing Practice Act Being a former nursing student in the state of Pennsylvania I have had the Nursing Practice Act of Pennsylvania. Before this assignment I knew little of the Pennsylvania laws and absolutely none of the state of Florida. Every state has their set of laws, which is referred to the Nursing Practice Act. Every nursing student must have a copy. The nursing practice act ensures that anyone practicing does not fall below the minimum competency and does not present danger to the public, and anyone who does will be prohibited from practicing (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, p. ). Nurses have a legal liability to advocate for patients, and provide safe administration of medications, and provide quality, nursing care to patients without negligence. With this paper I will explain nursing practice, continuing education and it’s requirements, as well as the composition and responsibilities of the state board of nursing. Nursing practice means the performance of those acts req uiring substantial specialized knowledge, judgment, and nursing skill based upon applied principles of psychological, biological, physical, and social sciences (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, p. ). That may sum up nursing but nurses do a lot more. Nurses have a legal liability to advocate for patients, and provide safe administration of medications, and provide quality, nursing care to patients without negligence. They educate the ill, injured, and infirmed. Promote wellness, maintenance of health, and prevention of illness of others. (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, p. 7). â€Å"Advanced or specialized nursing practice† means, in addition to the practice of professional nursing, the performance of advanced-level nursing acts approved by the board.Which by virtue of post-basic specialized education, training, and experience are appropriately performed by an advanced registered nurse practitioner. (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, p. 7). Being a Nurse Practitioner is the closest form of nursing to a doctor. They may perform acts of medical diagnosis and treatment, are able to write prescription, and when approved by the joint committee they can preform an operation. The committee consists of two advanced registered nurse practitioners; three members appointed by the board of medicine, and the State Surgeon general of the department or the State Surgeon General’s designee.All of the acts stated above must be performed under the general supervision of a licensed practitioner (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, p. 7).. (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, p. 7). Once you finally graduate from the nursing program (yay! ) you must take further steps in order to be able to practice. First you need to apply to the department to take your Nclexx. There is an application fee which does not exceed $150. 00, an examination fee set by the board which does not exceed $75. 00, and finally the actual per applicant cost to the department for purchase of the exam from the National Council of State Bo ards of Nursing.Next you will have to provide sufficient information on or after October 1, 1989, which must be submitted by the department for a statewide criminal records correspondence check through the Department of Law Enforcement. You must be in good mental and physical health, is a recipient of a high school diploma or the equivalent, and has completed the requirements for graduation from an approved program, or its equivalent as determined by the board, for the preparation of registered nurses or licensed practical nurses, whichever is applicable.Courses successfully completed in a professional nursing program, which are at least equivalent to a practical nursing program, may be used to satisfy the education requirements for licensure as a licensed practical nurse. You have be able to communicate in the English language, which may be determined by an examination given by the department. Finally, Each applicant who passes the examination and provides proof of meeting the educ ational requirements specified in subsection shall, unless denied pursuant to s. 64. 018, be entitled to licensure as a registered professional nurse or a licensed practical nurse, whichever is applicable. (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, P. 9). In any field of work there is a code of conduct. If you choose to stray away from the rules it can lead to disciplinary action; denial, suspension, or even revocation of a license. A thing we are seeing a lot of any more is sexual misconduct in the work place. Nurse-patient relationship is founded on mutual trust.Sexual misconduct in the practice of nursing means violation of the nurse-patient relationship through which the nurse uses said relationship to induce or attempt to induce the patient to engage, or to engage or attempt to engage the patient, in sexual activity outside the scope of the practice or the scope of generally accepted examination or treatment of the patient. Sexual misconduct in the practice of nursing is prohibited. The follow ing acts constitute grounds for denial of a license or disciplinary action, as specified in s. 56. 072(2):? Making or filing false reports or records; false, misleading, or deceptive advertising; unprofessional conduct; Engaging or attempting to engage in the possession sale or distribution of controlled substances set forth in chapter 893; Being irresponsible and unable to practice without reasonable skill and safety to patients due to illness or use of alcohol, drugs, narcotics, or chemicals, or any other type of material as a result of any mental or physical condition.Failing to report to the department anyone who the licensee knows is in violation of this part or to the rules of the department or the board, violating while being aware of any provision of the board or the departments or lawful order of the board, or failing to comply with a lawfully issued subpoena of the departments. Failing to report any licensee who the nurse knows has violated the grounds for disciplinary act ion, failing to meet the standards for acceptable and prevailing nursing practice. The board may deny licensure against any applicant or licensee who is found guilty of violating any provision of subsection 1.The board will not reinstate the license of a nurse until a person is capable of safely engaging in the practice of nursing. The board shall not reinstate the license of a nurse who has been found guilty by the board on three separate occasions of violations. The board shall by rule establish guidelines for the disposition of disciplinary cases involving specific types of violations. Such guidelines may include minimum and maximum fines, periods of supervision or probation, or conditions of probation or reissuance of a license. Nurse Practice Act, 2007, P. 14-15). The one thing I love about nursing is all of the advancements and the almost endless continuing education. Continuing education is defined as planned offerings designed to enhance learning and promote the continued de velopment of knowledge, skills, and attitudes consistent with contemporary standards for nursing practice. It is also important for nurses to be up to date with all of with all of the advancements in the medical field with technology and all of the new medicine the keeps coming out.Each licensed nurse, upon request, has to submit proof satisfactory to the Board of participation in appropriate continuing education. During each two years one contact hour must be earned for each calendar month of the licensure cycle. Any person licensed by examination within a two year period are exempt from the continuing education requirement for those two years; however, this exemption or limitation if you will, will only apply if the license is renewed in a timely manner at the end of the two years and does not apply if the license is suspended, revoked or is inactive at the end of the two years.Any nurse who is also licensed as a practical nurse may satisfy the continuing education requirements fo r renewal of both licenses by completing appropriate continuing education for a registered nurse. A license is also exempt from continuing education requirements at the time of renewal if the licensee was on active duty with the Armed Forces within six months of the renewal date. However, short periods of duty such as summer of weekend drills do not count. Duty in the U. S. Public Health Service is not considered duty in the Armed Forces.A nurse who is married to a member of the Armed Forces and was caused to be absent from Florida due to the spouses duties can be exempt from continuing education. The licensee must show satisfactory proof of the absence and the spouse’s military states (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, P. 60). The licensee must show satisfactory proof of the absence and the spouse’s military states (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, P. 60). The content of the education shall be specifically designed to meet the objectives and the stated level and learning needs of th e participants.The education should reflect the professional educational needs for the learner in order to meet the health care needs of the consumer. All of the offering contact hours will be at least 50 minutes in length or one contact hour. The hours will be awarded for clinical as well as classroom education (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, P. 62). Besides the basic nurse professional continuing education, there are specific areas a nurse is required to have continuing education in such as HIV/AIDS, Domestic Violence, Medical Errors, and End of life (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, P. 65-66).Every nursing school has their own requirements. For instance some use the TEAS entrance exam while others use the NET test or HESI. The nursing program shall have a written plan for the systematic evaluation of the total program and its outcomes for the purpose of determining competency, adequacy and effectiveness. The parent institution has to provide financial and administrative support and resources to the nursing program such as classroom space, labs, and office space. The faculty-student ratio shall be at a maximum ratio of 1:12 in community-based learning experience setting.The nursing program shall admit students to the program based upon the number of faculty, available educational facilities and resources, and the availability of clinical learning experiences for the student. It shall provide written policies for admission, readmission, transfer, advanced placement, promotion, graduation, withdrawal, or dismissal to the student shall be consistent with those for students in the parent institution and acceptable educational standards. (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, P. 39).The Board of Nursing is created within the department and shall consist of 13 members to be appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate. Seven members of the board must be registered nurses who are residents of this state and who have been engaged in the practice of professional nursing for at leas t 4 years, including at least one advanced registered nurse practitioner, one nurse educator member of an approved program, and one nurse executive. These seven board members should be representative of the diverse areas of practice within the nursing profession.In addition, three members of the board must be licensed practical nurses who are residents of this state and who have been actively engaged in the practice of practical nursing for at least 4 years prior to their appointment. The remaining three members must be residents of the state who have never been licensed as nurses and who are in no way connected with the practice of nursing. No person may be appointed as a lay member who is in any way connected with, or has any financial interest in, any health care facility, agency, or insurer.At least one member of the board must be 60 years of age or older. As the terms of the members expire, the Governor shall appoint successors for terms of 4 years, and such members shall serve until their successors are appointed. (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, P. 9). Throughout this paper I have learned so much more than I had expected. The Nursing Practice Act is so important in so many ways. You have to work hard and maintain that hard work throughout a nursing career.Myself as well as the rest of the nursing students will use this book not as coffee table decoration but as a guide for our journey of becoming nurses. Nursing is an art: and if it is to be made an art, it requires as exclusive a devotion, as hard a preparation, as any painter’s or sculptor’s work: for what is the having to do with dead canvas or cold marble, compared with having to do with the living spirit—the temple of God’s spirit? It is one of the Fine Arts; I had almost said, the finest of Fine Arts. † (Nightingale) Reference Page Nurse Practice Act, F. S. 456 (2007)

The Times & Music of Johann Adolf Hasse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Times & Music of Johann Adolf Hasse - Essay Example Hasse was fortunate to have achieved considerable fame in his own lifetime- a fate reserved for very few composers in classical music (Millner, 1974 & 1979). Johann Adolf Hasse (1699-1783) was born in Bergdorf, one of the largest boroughs in Germany. He came from a family of church singers, organists and musicians. It was natural that he was to follow in their footsteps. Hasse’s father belonged to a musical family, and his great-grandfather Peter Hasse had been employed as an organist in Lubeck where had gained some fame as a composer in his heyday (Degrada, 1975). Hasse’s father and brothers subsequently were given the position of organists at the local church. His father was the head of a local charity organization which facilitated Hasse study in Hamburg. Hasse began displaying great musical talent at the age of fifteen. In fact during the very next year, in 1721 Hasse was hired by the Hamburg Opera Company as a tenor on the recommendation of Johann Ulrich Konig, who was the private secretary and poet to the Saxon Court at Dresden. Konig subsequently recommended Hasse for a position in the opera of the Duke of Brunswick. Hasse sang the operas of Caldara, Conti and Schumann. In 1721 Hasse’s creative talents came to the fore when he composed and sang his very own first opera role, Antioco. In fact, it was Hasse who gave life to the title role while Schumann sang the part of Seleuco. At the time, Italy was a burgeoning point for singing and operatic talent. After travelling through Venice, Bologna, Florence and Rome, Hasse eventually decided to settle down in Naples for some time (Grove, 1992). While in Naples, he met both Nicolo Pompora and Alessandro Scarlatti and he studied under both of them by 1725.

Employee Relations Management Style adopted by ACME Engineering Essay

Employee Relations Management Style adopted by ACME Engineering - Essay Example This management style reflects the personality and the perspectives of the manager. In this style of management, the subordinates become dependent over the leaders and they require more supervision from the leaders. These autocratic managers give orders to the subordinates and the subordinates are less trusted by these managers. This management style follows the McGregor’s X theory related to motivation towards workers. The autocratic management style also can be divided into two categories i.e. directive autocrat and permissive autocrat (Williams & Smith, 2010). Paternalistic The nature of the paternalistic management style is also dictatorial and the managers take decisions considering the benefits of the business as well as of the employees. In this form of management, the communication among the subordinates and the superiors is descending, but certain feedbacks related to the management, motivates and encourages for the better performance in the workplace. In this style o f management, the managers pay more concentration to the need of the society. These are the managers who consider the employee opinion and they get influenced with the employee feedback for the management. In spite of the employee participation, the paternalistic managers feel that the employees need directions from the superiors to perform. This management style is related to the Maslow’s motivation theory (Lussier, 2011). Democratic In the democratic management style, the employees are allowed by the managers to participate in the decision making process. In this style of management the decision are taken based on the majority of the opinion of the... The researcher states that management style is one of the most important and vital aspects of an organisation. Management style is the process of interaction in between the superiors and the subordinates of any organisation. Management styles are the featured ways to take necessary decisions and to relate to the managers, and the subordinates of an organisation. Management styles involve various formal as well as informal practices regarding open communication and close supervision with the subordinates. Management style assists in taking decisions by incorporating the views and opinions of the members and the people of an organization. Different types of management styles can be implied in an organisation based on task, business culture and personality, characteristics of workforce and leadership skills among others. Almost every management style has certain nature, methods, deficiencies and strengths. There are certain basic forms of management styles such as autocratic, paternalis tic and democratic. These different types of management styles have different characteristics. In relation to the case study, it can be stated that ACME Engineering is an organisation which has also focused on an effective employee relationship, by providing several facilities and cultivating positive attitudes within the employees. The company, founded in the 1980s, has also faced the reformation related to the employee relation. ACME Engineering has involved their employees to take part in various decision making activities

Nursing Care Plan. Risk for Secondary Infection Essay

Nursing Care Plan. Risk for Secondary Infection - Essay Example This has been attributed to the added effects of aging and medications. The client’s nutrition status is below the normal level, compared with his healthy physique when the signs and symptoms of HIV infection and epileptic occurrences had not manifested yet. His serum cholesterol is higher than the normal boundary. No respiratory conditions can be traced from his recent medical check- up. Risk for secondary infection Assessment The patient was lying on his bed, conscious and coherent. However, he was not oriented to time, place, and person. Wounds and excoriations were noted on his lower extremities. No breathing difficulties noted upon examination. Nutrition status was noted below the normal level. Increased cholesterol level was appreciated on laboratory results. His vital signs were recorded as: Temperature: 37.4 ?C, Respiratory rate: 24 cpm, Pulse rate: 92 bpm, Blood Pressure: 130/ 110 mmHg. Nursing Diagnosis Risk for secondary infection related to compromised immune syste m secondary to HIV infection Planning Within this shift, the patient will not be able to develop infection, and would learn ways to prevent it. Intervention and rationale Assess the patient for signs of infection including fever, chills, and diaphoresis; cough; shortness of breath; oral pain or painful swallowing; creamy-white patches in oral cavity; urinary frequency, urgency, or dysuria; redness, swelling, or drainage from wounds; vesicular lesions on face, lips, or perianal area. Any sign of delayed wound healing may give clues that the patient is currently having an infectious process (Black & Hawks, 2005). Assess the patient’s cognition and mental status. In the elderly population, the signs of infection may appear initially as changes in the mental status and consciousness (Burke & Laramie, 2004). Teach patient or caregiver about need to report possible infection. Prompt reporting of infection increases the chances of faster recovery (Smeltzer & Bare, 2006). Do not allo w any fresh flowers in the patient’s room. Fresh flowers carry microorganisms that could cause harm to the immune- compromised people (Burke & Laramie, 2004). Do not allow the patient to eat raw foods, including fruits and vegetables. Raw foods contain considerably increased number of microorganisms that could potentially cause another infection (Smeltzer & Bare, 2006). Monitor for medication interactions, infections, electrolyte imbalance, and depression. Elderly patients may have other pathological conditions that could necessarily affect hydration status and predispose other medication side- effects (Black & Hawks, 2005). Encourage independence but assist if the patient cannot perform an activity. While it can be necessary to assist the patient in completing activities most of the time, providing opportunities of independence could increase his sense of well- being (Smeltzer & Bare, 2006). Monitor food and fluid intake. Nutrition status generally affects the rate of wound healing and recovery from infection (Black & Hawks, 2005). Teach the patient about the importance of hand-washing and appropriate hygienic practices. These activities prevent the incidence of infection (Smeltzer & Bare, 2006). Evaluation At the end of the shift, the client did not develop any signs of secondary infection. In addition, the patient learned of the importance of hand- washing, hygienic practices, eating the right kinds of food, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

Describe the Jacksonian Era What were some of the highlights of this Essay

Describe the Jacksonian Era What were some of the highlights of this period - Essay Example He was a creator and destroyer, but he destroyed to create! He destroyed Bank of the United States and left the nation without the financial authority to regulate and oversee the economic health. On the social and political front, he arranged the relocation of more than 90,000 Indians. He established direct rapport with the voters of the country. Though democratic to the core, he often worked against the mandate of the Congress, and he was a firm believer in the rights of the states. But he knew how to maintain the sanctity of the federal structure of America when he threatened federal military action against South Carolina, when it claimed that it has legal right against federal law. The heritage of Andrew Jackson, as President Roosevelt said, is â€Å"his unending contribution to the vitality of our democracy.†(x) He was compassionate and he adopted an Indian child. He encouraged interracial marriages and left an inedible imprint on the American political and societal

The Foreign Exchange Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Foreign Exchange Market - Essay Example For example, the desire to purchase a foreign automobile or to travel abroad produces demand for a currency in which these goods or services are produced. Second reason maybe to acquire foreign currency is to purchase financial assets in a particular currency. The desire to open a bank account, purchase foreign stocks or bonds or acquire direct ownership of real capital would fall into this category. A third reason that individual's demand foreign exchange is to avoid losses or make profits that could arise through changes in the foreign exchange rate. Individuals acquire that currency today at a low price in hopes of selling it at a profit later at a high price and thus make a profit. Such risk taking is activity is referred to as speculation in a foreign currency. Others who have to pay for an imported item in the possibility that the foreign currency will become more valuable in the future and would associate with the changes in the exchange rate is referred to as hedging. The tot al demand for a foreign currency at any one point in time thus reflects these three underlying demands: the demand for foreign goods and services, the demand for foreign investment and the demand based on risk taking or risk avoiding activity. It should be clear that the demands on the part of a country's citizens correspond to debit items in the balance-of-payments accounting framework. SUPPLY SIDE Participants on the supply side operate for similar reasons (reflecting credit items in the balance-of-payments). Foreign currency supply to the home country results firstly from foreigners purchasing home exports of goods and services or making unilateral transfers or investment income payments to the home country. For example, U.S. exports of wheat and soybeans are a source of supply for foreign exchange. A second source arises from foreign purchases of U.S. stocks and placement of bank deposits. Japanese joint ventures in U.S. automobile or electronic plants are all examples of financial activity that provides a supply of foreign exchange to U.S. Finally, foreign speculation and hedging activities can provide yet a third source of supply. The total supply of foreign exchange in any time period consists of these three sources. The foreign exchange market in the figure below is presented from a U.S. perspective and, like any normal market, contains a downward sloping demand curve and an upward sloping supply curve. The price on the vertical axis is stated in terms of domestic currency price of the foreign currency, for example $/franc and the horizontal axis measures the units of Swiss francs supplied and demanded in at various prices (exchange rates). The intersection of the supply and demand curves determines simultaneously the equilibrium exchange rate and the equilibrium quantity of Swiss francs supplied and demanded during a given period of time. An increase in the demand of Swiss francs on the part of the United States will cause the demand curve to shift out to D' and the exchange rate to increase to e'. Note that the increase in the exchange rate means that it is taking more U.S. currency to buy each

Seventeeth-Century Roles for Puritan Men,Women, and Children (by James Essay

Seventeeth-Century Roles for Puritan Men,Women, and Children (by James Kirby Martin et al - Essay Example of women has changed since puritan times in the area of education as women have come out of being just housewives and have followed men in the search for knowledge. Many women have proven themselves equal to if not better than men in many fields, which were thought only to be possible by men. Today, there are many women doctors, professors and even astronauts, among the many fields into which women have ventured. Though they may be weaker physically, they have proven that it is not the case mentally. They have won awards all over the world in various fields and become pillars of society in this regard. Many have even proven capable of handling domestic and educational roles most effectively. There also have changes in the highly competitive area of politics where a number of women have risen to be leaders of their nations. Leaders like Golda Meir, India Gandhi and Corazon Aquino have risen to the presidential positions in Israel, India and The Philippines respectively, where they have conquered male contender, and this shows some of the dramatic changes that have occurred to women’s roles since puritan times (Martin,

Oedipus the King and Oedipus at Colonus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Oedipus the King and Oedipus at Colonus - Essay Example When Jocasta conceived and had a baby, it turned out to be a boy (Bartleby.com). Laius tried to stop the prophecy by piercing the baby’s legs and binding them then leaving him for death up at a mountain. A shepherd on his own errand picked up the baby and took him to his king back home, King Polybius of Corinth (Jebb). Polybus named the picked baby boy Oedipus which held the meaning of swollen foot. He raised the child as his own; hence Oedipus grew up a normal being knowing that his real father was Polybius and not having the slightest idea of his own identity of fate. Oedipus grew up normally, and when he got to his adulthood, he decided to consult the Oracle of Delphi to know about the future that lay for him like any normal man. He learnt about his prophesied life from the oracle, and it was the same prophesy that had been told to his father. The problem was that the oracle did not tell him who his real father was, so him knowing that Polybus was his real father and trying to avoid killing him, he left. He left for Thebes so that he would be away from his ‘father’ Polybius and avoid prophesy, and with that, he thought he would avoid it all (Crane). On his way to Thebes, Oedipus met with pilgrims who were on their own way heading to Delphi. He asked the pilgrims to get out of his way so that he would pass and continue with his journey, but they refused. Having refused to yield to his demand, out of rage he killed all the pilgrims. What he did not know was that his biological father was the leader of the crew of the pilgrims. He had fulfilled part of the prophesy by murdering Laius his biological father mistakenly. He thought and felt nothing about his act of having killed the pilgrims and carried on with his journey. When he got to Thebes, he got that Thebes had problems of its own (Unit 3: Athenian Drama, ppt). There was a sphinx which had stationed herself outside the gated of Thebes and was posing a riddle to everyone. The riddle was à ¢â‚¬ËœWhat has four legs in the morning, two in the afternoon and three in the evening?’ The sphinx put it clearly that would anyone answer correctly; she would leave, and if not she would eat the unfortunate person. When Oedipus got to Thebes, so far no one had managed to answer the riddle appropriately,  so he tried his luck and guessed that the answer was man. He got the riddle correct, and the sphinx left which made the people filled with so much joy that they made Oedipus king. As king, he married the sitting queen who happened to be Jocasta. The full prophesy had come to pass; Oedipus had murdered his biological father and wedded his own mother. Oedipus and the queen Jocasta got married and had four children, Polynices, Antigone, Etocles and Ismene. A plague then happened to hit the city of Thebes, and was to stop until the earlier king passes away. Lauis’ murderer had been avenged. Oedipus swore that he would kill those guilty of the murder once he knew them. What he did not know was that he was the guilty murderer of Lauis. They tried to solve the mystery as much as they could, but to no avail; hence they consulted the great seer, Tiserias. Tiserias told them the truth about the whole prophecy, who it involved and what had really happened. Jocasta was so horrified about the revelation that she committed suicide through hanging herself and Oedipus gorged out his personal eyes, limiting and banishing himself. Oedipus at Colonus After banishing himself from Thebes, Oedipus leaves with his daughter

Hamlet Essay Example for Free

Hamlet Essay Act 1- Scene 1 The first entrance of the ghost is made impressive because Marcellus and Bernardo only told Horatio about them seeing the ghost in the two nights before during their watch. Horatio did not believe them â€Å"Horatio says ‘tis but our fantasy and will not let belief take hold of him touching this sight twice seen of us;† (1.1.23-25) What makes the siting of the ghost so important is that the two guard believe it to be the ghost of the dead King Hamlet. When the ghost appears and Horatio asks it to speak the ghost suddenly disappears. In its second exit the ghost returns and again they ask it to speak but as it spreads its arms the cockcrows and the ghost disappears yet again not saying anything. A superstition that is connected with the ghost is that the guards believe that it is the ghost of the dead King that is trying to warn them of some impending misfortune for Denmark. Act 1 – Scene 2 The new King Claudius attempts to justify his marriage to the Queen by giving a speech to his courtiers, explaining his recent marriage to Queen, his brother’s widow and the mother of Prince Hamlet. Claudius says that he mourns his brother but has chosen to balance Denmark’s mourning with the delight of his marriage. â€Å"With mirth in funeral, and dirge in marriage, in equal scale weighing delight and dole, taken to wife.† (1.2.12-14) In his soliloquy Hamlet expresses that he wishes he could die. He wishes that God had not made suicide a sin. He is also thinking about how it is possible for his mother to have move on after two short month that his father has been gone. When the line â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman† (1.3.146) is spoken he is referring of his mother because just two months ago his father and her husband died and now she has just moved on to his fathers brother because she is weak and will not make it on her own or w ithout a husband and he finds that shaming. Act 1- Scene 3 1.Laertes believes that Hamlets relationship with Ophelia is not true, because someone of his ranking can not love someone like Ophelia because he is too far above her to love her honourably. Since Hamlet is not only responsible for his feelings but also the role that he will one day play as King Laertes believe that it will be impossible for Hamlet to ever marry Ophelia. Before he leaves he tell her to make sure she does not fall in love with him. â€Å"Fear it, Ophelia, fear it, my dear sister, and keep you in the rear of your affections, out of the shot and danger of desire† (1.3.33-35) 2.Polonius has the same opinion of Laertes, and forbids Ophelia to associate with Hamlet anymore. He tells her that Hamlet has deceived her in swearing his love, and that she should see through his false vows â€Å"Affection pooh! You speak like a green girl, unsifted in such perilous circumstances. Do you believe his tenders, as you call them?† (1.3.101-03) Act 1- Scene 4 †¢Horatio, Marcellus, and Hamlet are keeping watch outside the class, while Hamlet tells the two men that the King has been spending his night drinking alcohol and how he believe that he is tarnishing the Danish people. †¢The ghost appears and calls out to Hamlet to follow him. †¢Even though Horatio and Marcellus tell him not to go and consider that the ghost could harm him Hamlet decides to follow the ghost anyways †¢Hamlet does not care if his life is in danger and follow the ghost off into the darkness †¢Horatio believes that Hamlet is now in the hands of God but Marcellus thinks that they should follow Hamlet and try to protect him, so the two set off after Hamlet and the ghost Act 1- Scene 5 In this scene King Hamlet reveals to his son that his death was cause by foul play and it was a murder. â€Å"Murder most foul, as in the best it is, but this most foul, strange and unnatural.† (1.5.27-28) The King then tells Hamlet that is was his very own brother that killed him. Now Hamlet, hear. Tis given out that, sleeping in my orchard, a serpent stung me. So the whole ear of Denmark is by a forged process of my death rankly abused. But know, thou noble youth, the serpent that did sting thy father’s life now wears his crown. (1.5.34-39 The ghost of the King tells Hamlet to â€Å"leave her to heaven† (1.5.86) which means he does not want Hamlet to do anything to his mother because the King realizes that she has been tainted by Claudius.

Chicken Chunks Essay Example for Free

Chicken Chunks Essay I have designed the layout of my advert so that when it is broadcast simultaneously across all childrens television networks, and depicted in colour advertisements in all childrens magazines universally, certain aspects will stand out and be immortalised in the memory of children. The Chicken Chunks slogan at the top of the page is in large, bold writing and has golden wings, and the way I have ingeniously positioned the box in the middle of the advertisement shows all children what the product they will soon be rushing to their local retailer to buy looks like. I chose the title Chicken Chunks initially for the way that no other product presently or previously on the market remotely resembles it, but I quickly realised that the title was also an excellent way of helping the children to remember the products name because it uses alliteration. It is not proven, but it is widely accepted, that using alliteration greatly improves the chances of committing the name from your short to long term memory banks, thereby making the name of Chicken Chunks much more memorable. This will be especially effective considering that the target audience for our advertising campaign is very young. I also used clear, bold writing so that the text I placed upon my advert can be easily read and understood by a young child. I think my advert will be extremely successful at cornering the market for childrens microwavable meals in minutes in the UK and across the globe. It will happen not only because of the excellent marketing strategy I have devised to thrust my product into the consumer world with alarming speed, but also by the way kids choose food these days not only to suit their nutritional needs, but as a lifestyle choice. The words Chicken Chunks will be synonymous with the epitome of cool for all children under eleven. Chicken Chunks will be the embodiment of young culture and will soon be flying from the supermarket shelves as if moving of their own volition.

Book Review of Limited Church: Unlimited Kingdom

Book Review of Limited Church: Unlimited Kingdom Aaron Christiansen Rienow, Rob. Limited Church: Unlimited Kingdom. Nashville: Randall House, 2013. 336 pp. $22.99 Biographical Sketch of the Author Dr. Rienow is a husband, father and the pastor at Gospel Fellowship Church. He holds multiple degrees in theology and Christian leadership that prepared him to pastor a church. After spending time in the pastorate Dr. Rienow came to the realization that he was discipling the members of his congregation but not the members of his family. This caused Dr. Rienow to reevaluate how the church is called to do ministry in the Bible. His findings lead to changes in his own ministry as well as the writing of this book.ÂÂ   Pursuing the Great Commission through Biblical family discipleship is now a passion for Dr. Rienow. Summary of Contents Dr. Rob Rienows purpose in writing this book is to challenge your current philosophy of ministry. When planning each aspect of the program is the first reaction to reach for a curriculum, someones advice or tradition? Rienow issues the claim that the Bible is enough to guide leaders of the church in equipping the saints to carry out the Great Commission. Do not expect to sit down and read this book in an afternoon; this book will cause the reader to read and reread sections then stop and rethink each statement that is made. It is highly recommended that this book is not read alone, but instead with a ministry team. Limited Church: Unlimited Kingdom should challenge any team that reads it together in how they do ministry and what their standards are for that ministry. Critical Evaluation Dr. Rienow does an excellent job of challenging the reader to rethink how he does church. This goes much deeper than just the traditions that we have accepted to date and into the place where the Word of God has in our heart and lives. Page by page Rienow builds a case for the sufficiency of scripture in the church and our families even in his own ministry he admitted, The Bible was enough for me when it came to my systematic theology, but not enough when it came to how Gods institutions of the family and the local church should function (13) This is a profound idea which will probably cause anyone reading the book to double check their process when making ministry decisions. The author fully grasps the concept that our first church is our family and we need to ensure their discipleship first and foremost. Rienow states, God created two institutions to build His Kingdom and advance His Gospel, the local church and the family. (39) Why would God allow us to take care of His bride, the church, if we cannot take care of our own family?ÂÂ   This flows perfectly into the argument regarding Biblical jurisdiction. Parents seem to have relegated the responsibility of discipleship to the church and instead of training the parents that this is not correct they have just accepted the role. As Dr. Rienow shows, this presents a problem when the churchs method differ from the parents methods and therefore creates conflict inside the body. We see the Great Commission, and we accept it. Then we carelessly ignore the clear messages God has given us about how the mission is to be carried out and who is responsible for its different faces. (61) Parents want to rely on the church or the school to educate their children about life when the Bible definitively places that responsibility on the parents. Rienow skillfully presents the picture of a Limited Church operating only inside the direction given by God and leaving the rest of the responsibilities to other jurisdictions. The church is challenged to rethink its priorities when Rienow asks, Can we honestly say that our jam-packed church calendar and our dynamic programs for every demographic group are making radical disciples for Jesus Christ? (1) The number of quality of the disciples a church makes is not directly proportional to the number of events on its calendar but according to the author, Nothing is more important in the local church than the preaching of the Bible. (103) The job of the church is given in Ephesians 4:11-13 of training and equipping the saints for ministry. This is done through the preaching of the Bible so that each facet may learn how to do their specific job well. A full third of the book is devoted to the concept of uniting the church and family in ministry. The ideas of caring for the poor, transforming specific ministries, building marriages, discipleship and evangelism are discussed thoroughly. Although family ministry is the new buzz word in churches, Dr. Rienow points out that it has been Gods plan from the beginning. He works from the Old Testament to the New Testament explaining the perfect design God has for families. That perfect design is family discipleship in the home, from the parents. Dr. Rienow exposes the fallacies in the current ministry model of age segregated groups and how it breeds an attitude of moral therapeutic deism that is running rampant through our culture today. Children move from fun childrens ministry to fun youth ministry to fun college ministry into boring church service and do not know how to assimilate into the church body. Dr. Rienow brings up the idea of incorporating children into the corporate body of worship and proposes that the church has been doing it wrong for about a hundred years. Readers are then shown multiple scripture passages showing children commanded to worship with their parents as a part of the faith family. Those who would choose to rebuff this idea are met with the statement, Before we think pragmatically, we need to think theologically. Practice does not drive theology. Theology drives practice. Rienow once again brings back each argument to the authority of scripture and scripture alone to drive our decisions. Using this same logic the reader should be able to determine that youth should also be in corporate worship along with young adults. Critical Evaluation Rienows mission to challenge the way churches address ministry questions with scripture first and only is accomplished throughout the entire book. While not directly stated the book screams out 2 Timothy 3:16 that scripture is sufficient for all our needs and answers. The author challenges readers that, Now is the time to return to the Bible alone for every matter of faith and practice! (45) Grab multiple copies of this book, pass them out to the ministry teams in your church, read through them together and evaluate the way you do ministry against scripture. Where it lines up witch scripture, press on; where it falls short, bring it in line with the Word and see if the fruits of your labor do not increase from Gods blessings. Bibliography Rienow, Rob. Limited Church: Unlimited Kingdom. Nashville: Randall House Publications, 2013.

Why Great Men Do Not Become President Essay examples -- Elections Poli

Why Great Men Do Not Become President Over the course of history America has been electing the most popular not necessarily the best-qualified men as president. The office has become a strategic component vital to each political party. Parties sacrifice a great leader for the man that will win the most votes. History is a record of how we have always had had this practice. The office is full of corruption because money and influence run the presidency. The political leaders lie to the people that he is intended to serve. There are many overwhelming reasons that the best man is not always chosen for the job. They all inevitably stem down to the simple fact that a political party in order for its survival must have their candidate elected. In this struggle for dominance, qualities crucial to making a â€Å"great† leader are sacrificed in order to get votes. Location, religion occupation, and track record are all taken into consideration when choosing a candidate. Although these factors have no effect on how a leader will perform in office they are crucial factors in determining a candidate. Presidential candidates can best be described to a form of selective breeding. Similar to how farmers choose the best seeds to plant their crops each season to grow the most food, political parties choose the best candidates in the same respect. In order to survive and have their philosophy be heard in the American system of government, political parties must win elections. To ensure the best chances of winning an election they select the best â€Å"seeds.† Ultimately though sacrifices need to made to ensure a successful election. This is due to the simple fact that a bad president is better then no president in the eyes of ea... ...ar as the last election to be disproved. George W. Bush was a poster child for Republican America. He is not a great man in any sense of the word. Bush is not a genius or scholar. He did work to build himself up but was simply born into the Bush royalty. Just like royalty fittingly enough he was appointed president by having the right connections, image and of course, money. America needs a change from the current standard. We have had men in office who have lied cheated and stole from the very people that they are there to serve. Respect for the office is lost because of their actions. It is clear that corruption runs deep and is not a new addition to the White House. The discerning fact is that this may never change as long it takes money and image to win an election. American elections will always be more an election of popularity then of principle.

The Role of Computers in Family Life :: Technology Society

The Role of Computers in Family Life In this paper I will be explaining how computers play both a positive and negative role in the family life. Along with how much computers have changed the â€Å"Family Life†. I will explain how computers open the doors to endless access to the world. All this freedom however comes with a price. One must realize that you will be losing security with every new site signed up for or every purchase made on-line. Not to mention all the other problems that come along with having a computer. You must be ready and aware of the risks so you can be prepared when you hook-up your computer. Right now you can practically do everything you need to do right from your own computer. There are so many tools to work with and things you are capable of doing. You can virtually talk to anyone anywhere at anytime if they have the proper hook-ups. This also includes the newly on-line dating services that has pro’s and con’s of its own. Another plus for computers is instead of the children being glued to the TV for hours, they are now being productive on the computer. They are doing things that force their minds to keep thinking and not just zoning out. The introduction of computers to the family life also helps families come together and spend more quality family time together. The list can go on, but with all these opportunities we have, we also lose a lot. We lose privacy and security. There are also some greater drawbacks when in comes to the net, like Internet related crimes and identity theft. When you think of computers, what do you think about? Conducting business at work or writing assignments at school maybe. There is so much more to do with computers. I don't even know the half of them, but a computer at home can make things a whole lot calmer. First off, you can do all your bills on line. You can check on balances, or check when the payments were received. Also check your savings/checking accounts. This is a great feature because you get away from talking to machines and being put on hold. No more driving out in the cold or in traffic to see if you have enough money to cover your checks.

Frankenstein Essay -- English Literature Essays

Frankenstein I do not agree with the statement: â€Å"Students in the twenty first century have little to learn from Frankenstein.† Mary Shelley’s novel demonstrates the type of language and intricate structure rarely found in novels today from which students in the twenty first century can learn much from. Mary Shelley puts forward timeless lessons of one’s confrontation with one’s self taking responsibility for your own actions, the result of being shunned from society and the dangers of tampering with nature. The novel foreshadows our very real fears of the double-sided nature of scientific ‘progress’ making it relevant today and proving the statement: â€Å"Students in the twenty first century have little to learn from Frankenstein.† very wrong. Shelley puts forward the issue of one’s confrontation with one’s self due to Victor’s power of creation entailing this. Victor symbolises modern man; Victor’s is the predicament involving the moral and intellectual conflict between the values of self and the values of society: â€Å"Natural philosophy is the genius that has regulated my fate.† (p87) Unfortunately, through Frankenstein’s arrogance he puts his personal interest above that of society and so is the cause of his own destruction. This is an important lesson for the youth of the twenty first century to learn. Shelley uses emotive language and an intricate structure from which students can learn to support a novel full of moral lessons. Shelley’s language creates ...

The Occupation of Japan During 2nd World War

The occupation of Japan was, from start to finish, an American operation. General Douglans MacArthur, sole supreme commander of the Allied Power was in charge. The Americans had insufficient men to make a military government of Japan possible; so t hey decided to act through the existing Japanese gobernment. General Mac Arthur became, except in name, dictator of Japan. He imposed his will on Japan. Demilitarization was speedily carried out, demobilization of the former imperial forces was complet ed by early 1946. Japan was extensively fire bomded during the second world war. The stench of sewer gas, rotting garbage, and the acrid smell of ashes and scorched debris pervaded the air. The Japanese people had to live in the damp, and col d of the concrete buildings, because they were the only ones left. Little remained of the vulnerable wooden frame, tile roof dwelling lived in by most Japanese. When the first signs of winter set in, the occupation forces immediately took over all the s team-heated buildings. The Japanese were out in the cold in the first post war winter fuel was very hard to find, a family was considered lucky if they had a small barely glowing charcoal brazier to huddle around. That next summer in random spots new ho uses were built, each house was standardized at 216 square feet, and required 2400 board feet of material in order to be built. A master plan for a modernistic city had been drafted, but it was cast aside because of the lack of time before the next winter. The thousands of people who lived in railroad stations and public parks needed housing. All the Japanese heard was democracy from the Americans. All they cared about was food. General MacAruther asked the government to send food, when they refus ed he sent another telegram that said, â€Å"Send me food, or send me bullets.† American troops were forbidden to eat local food, as to keep from cutting from cutting into the sparse local supply. No food was was brought in expressly for the Japanese durning the first six months after the American presence there. Herbert Hoover, serving as chairman of a special presidential advisory committee, recommended minimum imports to Japan of 870,000 tons of food to be distributed in different urban areas. Fi sh, the source of so much of the protein in the Japanese diet, were no longer available in adequate quantities because the fishing fleet, particularly the large vessels, had been badly decimated by the war and because the U.S.S.R. closed off the fishing g rounds in the north. The most important aspect of the democratization policy was the adoption of a new constitution and its supporting legislation. When the Japanese government proved too confused or too reluctant to come up with a constitutional reform that satisfied MacArthur, he had his own staff draft a new constitution in February 1946. This, with only minor changes, was then adopted by the Japanese government in the form of an imperial amendment to the 1889 constitution and went into effect on May 3, 1947. The new Constitution was a perfection of the British parliamentary form of government that the Japanese had been moving toward in the 1920s. Supreme political power was assigned to the Diet. Cabinets were made responsible to the Diet by having the prime minister elected by the lower house. The House of Peers was replaced by an elected House of Councillors. The judicial system was made as independent of executive interference as possible, and a newly created supreme court was given the power to review the constitutionality of laws. Local governments were given greatly increased powers. The Emperor was reduced to being a symbol of the unity of the nation. Japanese began to see him in person. He went to hospitals, schools, mines, industrial plants; he broke ground for public buildings and snipped tape at the opening of gates and highways. He was steered here and there, shown things, and kept muttering, â€Å"Ah so, ah so.† People started to call him â€Å"Ah-so-san.† Suddenly the puybli c began to take this shy, ill-at-ease man to their hearts. They saw in him something of their own conqured selves, force to do what was alien to them. In 1948, in a newspaper poll, Emperior Hirohito was voted the most popular man in Japan. Civil li berties were emphasized, women were given full equality with men. Article 13 and 19 in the new Constitution, prohibits discrimination in political, economic, and social relations because of race, creed, sex, social status, or family origen. This is one of the most explicitly progressive statements on human rights anywhere in law. Gerneral Douglas MacArthur emerged as a radical feminist because he was â€Å"convinced that the place of women in Japan must be brought to a level consistent with that of women in the western democracies.† So the Japanese women got their equal rights amendment long before a concerted effort was made to obtain one in America. Compulsory education was extened to nine years, efforts were made to make education more a traning in thinking than in rote memory, and the school system above the six elementary grades was revised to conform to the American pattern. This last mechanical change produced great confusion and dissatisfaction but became so entrenched that it could not be re vised even after the Americans departed. Japan†s agriculture was the quickest of national activities to recover because of land reform. The Australians came up with the best plan. It was basis was this: There were to be no absentee landlards. A person who actually worked the land could own up to 7.5 arcers. Anyone living in a village near by could keep 2.5 acres. Larger plots of land, exceeding these limits, were bought up by the government and sold on easy terms to former tenants. Within two years 2 million tenants became landowners. The American occupation immediately gained not only a large constituency, for the new owners had a vested interest in preserving the change, but also a psychological momentum for other changes they wanted to ini tiate. The American labor policy in Japan had a double goal: to encourage the growth of democratic unions while keeping them free of communists. Union organization was used as a balance to the power of management. To the surprise of the American authorties, this movement took a decidedly more radical turn. In the desperate economic conditions of early postwar Japan, there was little room for successful bargaining over wages, and many labor unions instead made a bid to take over industry and o perate it in their own behalf. Moreover large numbers of workers in Japan were government employees, such as railroad workers and teachers, whose wages were set not by management but by the government. Direct political action therefore seemed more meani ngful to these people than wage bargaining. The Japanese unions called for a general strike on February 1, 1947. MacArthur warned the union leadership that he would not countenace a nationwide strike. The strike leaders yieled to MacArthur†s will. The re after the political appeal of radical labor action appeared to wane. The Americans wanted to disband the great Zaibatsu trust as a means of reducing Japan†s war-making potential. There were about 15 Zaibatsu families such as – Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Yasuda, and Sumitomo. The Zaibatsu controled the industry of Japan. MacArthur†s liaison men pressured the Diet into passing the Deconcentration Law in December 1947. In the eyes of most Japanese this law was designed to cripple Japanese business and i ndustry forever. The first step in breaking up the Zaibatsu was to spread their ownership out among the people and to prevent the old owners from ever again exercising control. The stocks of all the key holding companies were to be sold to the public. Friends of the old Zaibatsu bought the stock. In the long run the Zaibatsu were not exactly destroyed, but a few were weakened and others underwent a considerable shuffle. The initial period of the occupation from 1945 to 1948 was marked by reform, the second phase was one of stabilization. Greater attention was given to improvement of the economy. Japan was a heavy expense to the United States. The ordered breakup of the Zaibatsu was slowed down. The union movement continued to grow, to the ult imate benefit of the worker. Unremitting pressure on employers brought swelling wages, which meant the steady expansion of Japan domestic consumer market. This market was a major reason for Japan†s subsequent economic boom. Another boom to the economy was the Korean War which proved to be a blessing in disguise. Japan became the main staging area for military action in Korea and went on a war boom economy with out having to fight in or pay for a war. The treaty of peace with Japan was signed at San Francisco in September 1951 by Japan, the United States, and forty-seven other nations. The Soviet Union refused to sign it. The treaty went into effect in April 1952, officially terminating the United States military occupation and restoring full independence. What is extraordinary in the Occupation and its aftermath was the insignificance of the unpleasant. For the Japanese, the nobility of American ideals and the essential benignity of the American presence assuaged much of the bitterness and anguish of defeat. For the Americans, the joys of promoting peace and democracy triumphed over the attendant fustrations and grievances. Consequently, the Occupation served to lay down a substantial capital of good will on which both America and Jap an would draw in the years ahead.

Eleven, Inc. Case

Major Differences There are many differences between the situations In Japan and the U. S. That made the Japanese 7-Eleven experience with prepared foods significantly different than that of the U. S. Stores. First, â€Å"convenience stores In Japan faced little competition from gas station mini-markets, and until the early sass they benefited from government regulation that limited the size and operating hours of large- and medium-size stores† (Bell & Hogan, 2004, p. 4). Contrary to Japan, 7-Eleven stores In the u. s. Were faced with fierce competition from a variety of convenience stores with ere similar business models.Convenience stores in Japan made a commitment to provide expediency in all aspects of daily life. Such stores sold takeaway lunch boxes, rice balls, ready-to-serve dishes, bread and various drinks (Bell & Hogan, 2004). Japanese stores based their business model on customer needs and convenience. â€Å"To ensure that customers received fresh quality products, food items were prepared continuously and delivered to the stores three times daily. The strategic locations of preparation plants combined with the high store density, required minimal travel stance and therefore facilitated the speed and ease of deliveries (Bell & Hogan, 2004, p. 7). U.S. Stores, however, failed to focus on convenience needs as they changed. According to Bell & Hogan (2004) people wanted new products and services and the company did not keep pace; instead, the company fell into the trap of defining market share in terms of number of stores, and they stopped creating value in each new store. Additionally, U. S. Stores â€Å"never paid much attention to its Japanese licensee, and therefore never realized that† 7-Eleven had reinvented the store with the fresh food concept (Bell & Hogan, 2004, p. 2). Strengths & Weaknesses Keyes shared the vision implemented in Japanese stores, concentrating on fresh food sales.He did this by adopting the fresh food concept to offer total convenience to consumers. In order to get all franchisees on board, Keyes required stoneware to buy a significant portion of their merchandise from approved vendors, and in turn allowed for more leverage of the system (Bell & Hogan, 2004). Keyes also utilized Austin, Texas as a test market (Bell & Hogan, 2004). This allowed the company to test various lines of food and pricing options. Perhaps the most Important element of the 7-Eleven overhauls In the United States was the Implementation off chain wide proprietary retail Information system.Mulching this from 7-Eleven Japan, the system was designed to enable each store to Improve Inventory management efforts (Bell & Hogan, 2004). Keyes missed the boat by not being more in touch with the customer. According to Bell & Hogan (2004) 7-Eleven's Temperamental weaknesses were Invisible Decease ten company was using ten wrong measures. The company failed to create value in each store and pay close attention to changing trends a nd customers' needs. Additionally, 7-Eleven's failure to constantly innovate and change, as convenience needs changed affected the company's the success (Bell & Hogan, 2004).Marketing Efforts In order to make the most of its new capabilities and vision, 7-Eleven U. S. Should undertake various marketing efforts. First, the company should monitor customer- buying patterns to maximize sales by staying stocked on popular items, managing product assortment and merchandising effectively. Understanding that this industry is highly competitive, 7-Eleven must create a marketing strategy that is refined by tidying consumer trends and in-store traffic. This would allow the company to affectively track buying trends.Ultimately, this would keep the organization up to date on convenience needs as they change, allowing marketing efforts to be focused in both areas of strength and weakness. Furthermore, since gasoline sales contribute to increased traffic, it is imperative that 7-Eleven stores sell gasoline at as many locations as possible. Implications Should 7-Eleven's prepared food initiative prove successful, there will be a significant increase in measurable competition in the industry. Being that this sector s already highly competitive, convenience stores need to find ways to differentiate themselves from the competition.Introducing fresh foods will be one way to do so. The success fresh foods would bring to the industry would be game changing. Typically the general image of a U. S. Convenience store encompasses â€Å"cigarettes behind the counter, nonfood items displayed on the counter, magazines in front† (Bell & Hogan, 2004, p. 17). However changing the perception of convenience would not only attract new markets but also penetrate current markets. Ultimately, competitors in this industry would need to rethink both merchandising and arresting strategies to ensure they were aligned with the likes of 7-Eleven.As society places a larger emphasis on convenience a nd freshly prepared food, the outlook for 7-Eleven's freshly prepared food offerings is promising. Specifically, recent trends indicate that while there is a push towards health conscious, yet convenient selections, consumers are favoring this option. Furthermore, the key innovation opportunity is to keep innovating with food and taste trends surrounding convenience and health (Carroll, 2011). Since convenience stores aren't typically noted for having such eating options, management must work to ensure they successfully rebind their image.

Ias 7

7IAS 7 International Accounting Standard 7 Statement of Cash Flows This version includes amendments resulting from IFRSs issued up to 31 December 2008. IAS 7 Cash Flow Statements was issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee in December 1992. It replaced IAS 7 Statement of Changes in Financial Position (issued in October 1977). In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board resolved that all Standards and Interpretations issued under previous Constitutions continued to be applicable unless and until they were amended or withdrawn.Since then, IAS 7 and its accompanying documents have been amended by the following IFRSs: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors (issued December 2003) IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates (as revised in December 2003) IFRS 8 Operating Segments (issued November 2006)* IAS 23 Borrowing Costs (as revised in March 2007)* IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements (as revised in September 2007)* IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements (amended in January 2008)†  Improvements to IFRSs (issued May 2008). As a result of the changes in terminology made by IAS 1 in 2007, the title of IAS 7 was changed to Statement of Cash Flows. * †  effective date 1 January 2009 effective date 1 July 2009  © IASCF 999 IAS 7 CONTENTS INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD 7 STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWSOBJECTIVE SCOPE BENEFITS OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION DEFINITIONS Cash and cash equivalents PRESENTATION OF A STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities REPORTING CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES REPORTING CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES REPORTING CASH FLOWS ON A NET BASIS FOREIGN CURRENCY CASH FLOWS INTEREST AND DIVIDENDS TAXES ON INCOME INVESTMENTS IN SUBSIDIARIES, ASSOCIATES AND JOINT VENTURES CHANGES IN OWNERSHIP INTERESTS IN SUBSIDIARIES AND OTHER BUSINESSES NON-CASH TRANSACTIONS COMPONENTS OF CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS OTHER DISCLOSURES EFFECTIVE DATE APPENDICES A B Statement of cash flows for an entity other than a financial institution Statement of cash flows for a financial institution paragraphs 1–3 4–5 6–9 7–9 10–17 13–15 16 17 18–20 21 22–24 25–28 31–34 35–36 37–38 39–42B 43–44 45–47 48–52 53–55 1000  © IASCF IAS 7 International Accounting Standard 7 Statement of Cash Flows (IAS 7) is set out in paragraphs 1–55. All the paragraphs have equal authority but retain the IASC format of the Standard when it was adopted by the IASB.IAS 7 should be read in the context of its objective, the Preface to International Financial Reporting Standards and the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit guidance.  © IASCF 1001 IAS 7 International Accounting Standard 7 Statement of Cash Flows* Objective Information about the cash flows of an entity is useful in providing users of financial statements with a basis to assess the ability of the entity to generate cash and cash equivalents and the needs of the entity to utilise those cash flows.The economic decisions that are taken by users require an evaluation of the ability of an entity to generate cash and cash equivalents and the timing and certainty of their generation. The objective of this Standard is to require the provision of information about the historical changes in cash and cash equivalents of an entity by means of a statement of cash flows which classifies cash flows during the period from operating, investing and financing activities. Scope 1 An entity shall prepare a statement of cash flows in accordance with the requirements of this Stan dard and shall present it as an integral part of its financial statements for each period for which financial statements are presented. 2 3 This Standard supersedes IAS 7 Statement of Changes in Financial Position, approved in July 1977.Users of an entity’s financial statements are interested in how the entity generates and uses cash and cash equivalents. This is the case regardless of the nature of the entity’s activities and irrespective of whether cash can be viewed as the product of the entity, as may be the case with a financial institution. Entities need cash for essentially the same reasons however different their principal revenue-producing activities might be. They need cash to conduct their operations, to pay their obligations, and to provide returns to their investors. Accordingly, this Standard requires all entities to present a statement of cash flows. Benefits of cash flow information A statement of cash flows, when used in conjunction with the rest of th e financial statements, provides information that enables users to evaluate the changes in net assets of an entity, its financial structure (including its liquidity and solvency) and its ability to affect the amounts and timing of cash flows in order to adapt to changing circumstances and opportunities. Cash flow information is useful in assessing the ability of the entity to generate cash and cash equivalents and enables users to develop models to assess and compare the present value of the * In September 2007 the IASB amended the title of IAS 7 from Cash Flow Statements to Statement of Cash Flows as a consequence of the revision of IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements in 2007. 1002  © IASCF IAS 7 future cash flows of different entities.It also enhances the comparability of the reporting of operating performance by different entities because it eliminates the effects of using different accounting treatments for the same transactions and events. 5 Historical cash flow inform ation is often used as an indicator of the amount, timing and certainty of future cash flows. It is also useful in checking the accuracy of past assessments of future cash flows and in examining the relationship between profitability and net cash flow and the impact of changing prices. Definitions 6 The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified: Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits.Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Cash flows are inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents. Operating activities are the principal revenue-producing activities of the entity and other activities that are not investing or financing activities. Investing activities are the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investments not included in cash equivalents. Financing activities are activities that resu lt in changes in the size and composition of the contributed equity and borrowings of the entity. Cash and cash equivalents Cash equivalents are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments rather than for investment or other purposes. For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent it must be readily convertible to a known amount of cash and be subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Therefore, an investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say, three months or less from the date of acquisition. Equity investments are excluded from cash equivalents unless they are, in substance, cash equivalents, for example in the case of preferred shares acquired within a short period of their maturity and with a specified redemption date. Bank borrowings are generally considered to be financing activities.However, in some countries, bank overdrafts which are repayable on demand form an integral part of an entity's cash m anagement. In these circumstances, bank overdrafts are included as a component of cash and cash equivalents. A characteristic of such banking arrangements is that the bank balance often fluctuates from being positive to overdrawn. Cash flows exclude movements between items that constitute cash or cash equivalents because these components are part of the cash management of an entity rather than part of its operating, investing and financing activities. Cash management includes the investment of excess cash in cash equivalents. 8 9  © IASCF 1003 IAS 7Presentation of a statement of cash flows 10 The statement of cash flows shall report cash flows during the period classified by operating, investing and financing activities. 11 An entity presents its cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities in a manner which is most appropriate to its business. Classification by activity provides information that allows users to assess the impact of those activities on the financi al position of the entity and the amount of its cash and cash equivalents. This information may also be used to evaluate the relationships among those activities. A single transaction may include cash flows that are classified differently.For example, when the cash repayment of a loan includes both interest and capital, the interest element may be classified as an operating activity and the capital element is classified as a financing activity. 12 Operating activities 13 The amount of cash flows arising from operating activities is a key indicator of the extent to which the operations of the entity have generated sufficient cash flows to repay loans, maintain the operating capability of the entity, pay dividends and make new investments without recourse to external sources of financing. Information about the specific components of historical operating cash flows is useful, in conjunction with other information, in forecasting future operating cash flows. Cash flows from operating ac tivities are primarily derived from the principal revenue-producing activities of the entity.Therefore, they generally result from the transactions and other events that enter into the determination of profit or loss. Examples of cash flows from operating activities are: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) cash receipts from the sale of goods and the rendering of services; cash receipts from royalties, fees, commissions and other revenue; cash payments to suppliers for goods and services; cash payments to and on behalf of employees; cash receipts and cash payments of an insurance entity for premiums and claims, annuities and other policy benefits; cash payments or refunds of income taxes unless they can be specifically identified with financing and investing activities; and cash receipts and payments from contracts held for dealing or trading purposes. 14Some transactions, such as the sale of an item of plant, may give rise to a gain or loss that is included in recognised profit or loss. Th e cash flows relating to such transactions are cash flows from investing activities. However, cash payments to manufacture or acquire assets held for rental to others and subsequently held for sale as described in paragraph 68A of IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment are cash flows from operating activities. The cash receipts from rents and subsequent sales of such assets are also cash flows from operating activities. 1004  © IASCF IAS 7 15 An entity may hold securities and loans for dealing or trading purposes, in which case they are similar to inventory acquired specifically for resale.Therefore, cash flows arising from the purchase and sale of dealing or trading securities are classified as operating activities. Similarly, cash advances and loans made by financial institutions are usually classified as operating activities since they relate to the main revenue-producing activity of that entity. Investing activities 16 The separate disclosure of cash flows arising from investing activities is important because the cash flows represent the extent to which expenditures have been made for resources intended to generate future income and cash flows. Examples of cash flows arising from investing activities are: (a) cash payments to acquire property, plant and equipment, intangibles and other long-term assets.These payments include those relating to capitalised development costs and self-constructed property, plant and equipment; cash receipts from sales of property, plant and equipment, intangibles and other long-term assets; cash payments to acquire equity or debt instruments of other entities and interests in joint ventures (other than payments for those instruments considered to be cash equivalents or those held for dealing or trading purposes); cash receipts from sales of equity or debt instruments of other entities and interests in joint ventures (other than receipts for those instruments considered to be cash equivalents and those held for dealing or trad ing purposes); cash advances and loans made to other parties (other than advances and loans made by a financial institution); cash receipts from the repayment of advances and loans made to other parties (other than advances and loans of a financial institution); cash payments for futures contracts, forward contracts, option contracts and swap contracts except when the contracts are held for dealing or trading purposes, or the payments are classified as financing activities; and cash receipts from futures contracts, forward contracts, option contracts and swap contracts except when the contracts are held for dealing or trading purposes, or the receipts are classified as financing activities. (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) When a contract is accounted for as a hedge of an identifiable position the cash flows of the contract are classified in the same manner as the cash flows of the position being hedged.  © IASCF 1005 IAS 7 Financing activities 7 The separate disclosure of cash flows a rising from financing activities is important because it is useful in predicting claims on future cash flows by providers of capital to the entity. Examples of cash flows arising from financing activities are: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) cash proceeds from issuing shares or other equity instruments; cash payments to owners to acquire or redeem the entity’s shares; cash proceeds from issuing debentures, loans, notes, bonds, mortgages and other short or long-term borrowings; cash repayments of amounts borrowed; and cash payments by a lessee for the reduction of the outstanding liability relating to a finance lease. Reporting cash flows from operating activities 8 An entity shall report cash flows from operating activities using either: (a) the direct method, whereby major classes of gross cash receipts and gross cash payments are disclosed; or the indirect method, whereby profit or loss is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments, and items of income or expense associated with investing or financing cash flows. (b) 19 Entities are encouraged to report cash flows from operating activities using the direct method. The direct method provides information which may be useful in estimating future cash flows and which is not available under the indirect method.Under the direct method, information about major classes of gross cash receipts and gross cash payments may be obtained either: (a) (b) from the accounting records of the entity; or by adjusting sales, cost of sales (interest and similar income and interest expense and similar charges for a financial institution) and other items in the statement of comprehensive income for: (i) (ii) (iii) changes during the period in inventories and operating receivables and payables; other non-cash items; and other items for which the cash effects are investing or financing cash flows. 20 Under the indirect method, the net cash f low from operating activities is determined by adjusting profit or loss for the effects of: (a) changes during the period in inventories and operating receivables and payables; 1006  © IASCF IAS 7 (b) on-cash items such as depreciation, provisions, deferred taxes, unrealised foreign currency gains and losses, and undistributed profits of associates; and all other items for which the cash effects are investing or financing cash flows. (c) Alternatively, the net cash flow from operating activities may be presented under the indirect method by showing the revenues and expenses disclosed in the statement of comprehensive income and the changes during the period in inventories and operating receivables and payables. Reporting cash flows from investing and financing activities 21 An entity shall report separately major classes of gross cash receipts and gross cash payments arising from investing and financing activities, except to the extent that cash flows described in paragraphs 22 an d 24 are reported on a net basis. Reporting cash flows on a net basis 2 Cash flows arising from the following operating, investing or financing activities may be reported on a net basis: (a) cash receipts and payments on behalf of customers when the cash flows reflect the activities of the customer rather than those of the entity; and cash receipts and payments for items in which the turnover is quick, the amounts are large, and the maturities are short. (b) 23 Examples of cash receipts and payments referred to in paragraph 22(a) are: (a) (b) (c) the acceptance and repayment of demand deposits of a bank; funds held for customers by an investment entity; and rents collected on behalf of, and paid over to, the owners of properties. Examples of cash receipts and payments referred to in paragraph 22(b) are advances made for, and the repayment of: (a) (b) (c) 24 principal amounts relating to credit card customers; the purchase and sale of investments; and other short-term borrowings, for example, those which have a maturity period of three months or less.Cash flows arising from each of the following activities of a financial institution may be reported on a net basis: (a) cash receipts and payments for the acceptance and repayment of deposits with a fixed maturity date; the placement of deposits with and withdrawal of deposits from other financial institutions; and (b)  © IASCF 1007 IAS 7 (c) cash advances and loans made to customers and the repayment of those advances and loans. Foreign currency cash flows 25 Cash flows arising from transactions in a foreign currency shall be recorded in an entity’s functional currency by applying to the foreign currency amount the exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the cash flow. The cash flows of a foreign subsidiary shall be translated at the exchange rates between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the dates of the cash flows. 26 7 Cash flows denomina ted in a foreign currency are reported in a manner consistent with IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates. This permits the use of an exchange rate that approximates the actual rate. For example, a weighted average exchange rate for a period may be used for recording foreign currency transactions or the translation of the cash flows of a foreign subsidiary. However, IAS 21 does not permit use of the exchange rate at the end of the reporting period when translating the cash flows of a foreign subsidiary. Unrealised gains and losses arising from changes in foreign currency exchange rates are not cash flows.However, the effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents held or due in a foreign currency is reported in the statement of cash flows in order to reconcile cash and cash equivalents at the beginning and the end of the period. This amount is presented separately from cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities and includes the diffe rences, if any, had those cash flows been reported at end of period exchange rates. [Deleted] 28 29 30 [Deleted] Interest and dividends 31 Cash flows from interest and dividends received and paid shall each be disclosed separately. Each shall be classified in a consistent manner from period to period as either operating, investing or financing activities. 32The total amount of interest paid during a period is disclosed in the statement of cash flows whether it has been recognised as an expense in profit or loss or capitalised in accordance with IAS 23 Borrowing Costs. Interest paid and interest and dividends received are usually classified as operating cash flows for a financial institution. However, there is no consensus on the classification of these cash flows for other entities. Interest paid and interest and dividends received may be classified as operating cash flows because they enter into the determination of profit or loss. Alternatively, interest paid and interest and divi dends received may be classified as financing cash flows and investing cash flows respectively, because they are costs of obtaining financial resources or returns on investments. 33 1008  © IASCF IAS 7 34Dividends paid may be classified as a financing cash flow because they are a cost of obtaining financial resources. Alternatively, dividends paid may be classified as a component of cash flows from operating activities in order to assist users to determine the ability of an entity to pay dividends out of operating cash flows. Taxes on income 35 Cash flows arising from taxes on income shall be separately disclosed and shall be classified as cash flows from operating activities unless they can be specifically identified with financing and investing activities. 36 Taxes on income arise on transactions that give rise to cash flows that are classified as operating, investing or financing activities in a statement of cash flows.While tax expense may be readily identifiable with investin g or financing activities, the related tax cash flows are often impracticable to identify and may arise in a different period from the cash flows of the underlying transaction. Therefore, taxes paid are usually classified as cash flows from operating activities. However, when it is practicable to identify the tax cash flow with an individual transaction that gives rise to cash flows that are classified as investing or financing activities the tax cash flow is classified as an investing or financing activity as appropriate. When tax cash flows are allocated over more than one class of activity, the total amount of taxes paid is disclosed. Investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures 7 When accounting for an investment in an associate or a subsidiary accounted for by use of the equity or cost method, an investor restricts its reporting in the statement of cash flows to the cash flows between itself and the investee, for example, to dividends and advances. An entity which reports its interest in a jointly controlled entity (see IAS 31 Interests in Joint Ventures) using proportionate consolidation, includes in its consolidated statement of cash flows its proportionate share of the jointly controlled entity’s cash flows. An entity which reports such an interest using the equity method includes in its statement of cash flows the cash flows in respect of its investments in the jointly controlled entity, and distributions and other payments or receipts between it and the jointly controlled entity. 38Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries and other businesses 39 The aggregate cash flows arising from obtaining and losing control of subsidiaries or other businesses shall be presented separately and classified as investing activities. An entity shall disclose, in aggregate, in respect of both obtaining and losing control of subsidiaries or other businesses during the period each of the following: (a) the total consideration paid or received; 4 0  © IASCF 1009 IAS 7 (b) (c) the portion of the consideration consisting of cash and cash equivalents; the amount of cash and cash equivalents in the subsidiaries or other businesses over which control is obtained or lost; and the amount of the assets and liabilities other than cash or cash equivalents in the subsidiaries or other businesses over which control is obtained or lost, summarised by each major category. (d) 41The separate presentation of the cash flow effects of obtaining or losing control of subsidiaries or other businesses as single line items, together with the separate disclosure of the amounts of assets and liabilities acquired or disposed of, helps to distinguish those cash flows from the cash flows arising from the other operating, investing and financing activities. The cash flow effects of losing control are not deducted from those of obtaining control. The aggregate amount of the cash paid or received as consideration for obtaining or losing control of subsi diaries or other businesses is reported in the statement of cash flows net of cash and cash equivalents acquired or disposed of as part of such transactions, events or changes in circumstances. Cash flows arising from changes in ownership interests in a subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control shall be classified as cash flows from financing activities.Changes in ownership interests in a subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control, such as the subsequent purchase or sale by a parent of a subsidiary’s equity instruments, are accounted for as equity transactions (see IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements (as amended in 2008)). Accordingly, the resulting cash flows are classified in the same way as other transactions with owners described in paragraph 17. 42 42A 42B Non-cash transactions 43 Investing and financing transactions that do not require the use of cash or cash equivalents shall be excluded from a statement of cash flows. Such transactio ns shall be disclosed elsewhere in the financial statements in a way that provides all the relevant information about these investing and financing activities. 44Many investing and financing activities do not have a direct impact on current cash flows although they do affect the capital and asset structure of an entity. The exclusion of non-cash transactions from the statement of cash flows is consistent with the objective of a statement of cash flows as these items do not involve cash flows in the current period. Examples of non-cash transactions are: (a) (b) (c) the acquisition of assets either by assuming directly related liabilities or by means of a finance lease; the acquisition of an entity by means of an equity issue; and the conversion of debt to equity. 1010  © IASCF IAS 7 Components of cash and cash equivalents 5 An entity shall disclose the components of cash and cash equivalents and shall present a reconciliation of the amounts in its statement of cash flows with the e quivalent items reported in the statement of financial position. 46 In view of the variety of cash management practices and banking arrangements around the world and in order to comply with IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements, an entity discloses the policy which it adopts in determining the composition of cash and cash equivalents. The effect of any change in the policy for determining components of cash and cash equivalents, for example, a change in the classification of financial instruments previously considered to be part of an entity’s investment portfolio, is reported in accordance with IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. 47 Other disclosures 8 An entity shall disclose, together with a commentary by management, the amount of significant cash and cash equivalent balances held by the entity that are not available for use by the group. 49 There are various circumstances in which cash and cash equivalent balances held by an entity are not available for use by the group. Examples include cash and cash equivalent balances held by a subsidiary that operates in a country where exchange controls or other legal restrictions apply when the balances are not available for general use by the parent or other subsidiaries. Additional information may be relevant to users in understanding the financial position and liquidity of an entity.Disclosure of this information, together with a commentary by management, is encouraged and may include: (a) the amount of undrawn borrowing facilities that may be available for future operating activities and to settle capital commitments, indicating any restrictions on the use of these facilities; the aggregate amounts of the cash flows from each of operating, investing and financing activities related to interests in joint ventures reported using proportionate consolidation; the aggregate amount of cash flows that represent increases in operating capacity separately from those cash flow s that are required to maintain operating capacity; and the amount of the cash flows arising from the operating, investing and financing activities of each reportable segment (see IFRS 8 Operating Segments). 50 (b) (c) (d)  © IASCF 1011 IAS 7 51The separate disclosure of cash flows that represent increases in operating capacity and cash flows that are required to maintain operating capacity is useful in enabling the user to determine whether the entity is investing adequately in the maintenance of its operating capacity. An entity that does not invest adequately in the maintenance of its operating capacity may be prejudicing future profitability for the sake of current liquidity and distributions to owners. The disclosure of segmental cash flows enables users to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the cash flows of the business as a whole and those of its component parts and the availability and variability of segmental cash flows. 52 Effective date 53 54 Thi s Standard becomes operative for financial statements covering periods beginning on or after 1 January 1994.IAS 27 (as amended in 2008) amended paragraphs 39–42 and added paragraphs 42A and 42B. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 July 2009. If an entity applies IAS 27 (amended 2008) for an earlier period, the amendments shall be applied for that earlier period. The amendments shall be applied retrospectively. Paragraph 14 was amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply that amendment for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact and apply paragraph 68A of IAS 16. 55 1012  © IASCF