What impact does age has on technostress Research Paper

What impact does age has on technostress - Research Paper Example Adapting to technology is not usually simple, and this has led to a health concern; the pressure resulting from extensive technology use has led to technostress, which is a modern ailment caused by people’s incapability to deal with new technologies in a good way. Technostress also refers to all the unconstructive impacts on behaviors, body physiology, and thoughts resulting directly or indirectly from technology (Coklar & Sahin, 2011). It affects the memory thereby causing people to lose track of what they wanted to say or do. Technostress is usually evident in two different but interconnected forms: in the effort to understand technology and in over-identification with computer technology. It affects professionals and executives, librarians, bankers, students and adolescents, librarians, store clerks, internet users, home computer users, and officer support personnel and many other people. The underlying causes of technostress include issues of technology anxiety, time management, lack of proper training, an increased workload, the quick pace of technological change, the reliability on software and hardware, and lack of standardization with technologies (Ennis, 2005). It is dependent on age, gender, and literacy. Tarafdar et al. (2007) disc overed that the elders experience less technostress than younger people at work, women experience lower technostress than men, and those with superior computer literacy than those who without. Studies investigating the impact of age on technostress are limited and hence this research seeks to examine this relationship. The negative psychological connection between persons and introduction of new technologies affects people’s productivity. Technostress manifests itself in every person in various degrees depending on age. This prevents coping or adapting to information in a healthy way, which prevents them from being productive. Most individuals feel compulsive about

Stop Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Stop Smoking - Essay Example Apparently one of the top sellers worldwide are tobacco processing companies. Today and on the past decades, people around the globe felt the addiction of nicotine in cigarettes. Some say they smoke for leisure only, to consume free time, to look cool, or to have something on their mouth to ease salivation, maybe some of them fell to cigarette smoking due to influences by the people surrounding them, and sometimes they smoke only for themselves to feel belongingness to a group. â€Å"So why quit?† one common question mostly thrown by those who smoke to people who is convincing them to stop to. Most smokers, although there are some, do not know what they have been doing to their body and the nature around them by smoking. A person smoking needs to undergo smoking cessation, the process of discontinuing the practice of inhaling smoke, in order to be safe for several health risks and problems in public that may have been caused by smoking. In the U.S. one of five deaths are caused or related to cigarette smoking. The effect of cigarette smoking includes several number of health problems like cancers, lung diseases, heart attacks, strokes and blood vessel ailments, risks to women and babies, or even blindness and death (American Cancer Society). In the late 1990’s, the US CDCP (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) surveys shows that for every year spent smoking lifespan of a person is decreased. In males there is an average of 13.2 years of life that had been lost by smoking and 14.5 among females. However, people who stop smoking enjoy several health benefits and could live more years than those who keep smoking. Illustration from FakhriRamley.com The picture above illustrates the idea of a cause and effect. The text â€Å"Stop smoking or stop breathing† shown above provides the readers or the viewers the idea to hesitate to smoke. It somehow makes them realize something that may happen unto them upon continuing to smoke, death. The skeleton with a cigarette on its mouth implicates the idea of dying; it is because in general people tend to relate death by skeletons symbolically. It gives the readers/viewers the fear to die and hesitate to smoke. (Illustration from FakhriRamley.com) The colors used in t he above illustration were completely bold and compact. The black and white technique used was to provide emphasis and to conduct a direct focus on the part of the reader/viewer. When you look at the picture, you certainly give your focus on the lit cigarette. It strengthens the presentation of the topic which is smoking mainly. While the big letter â€Å"Q† above strikes the idea to the viewer/reader to quit. It is in a bigger size other than any of the elements found on the illustration above. It represents the range of the topic which is to stop smoking. What You Did. What Must You Do.? The above illustrations convey the presentation of the objective of the topic. The readers/viewers were driven to have the contextual idea or concept of thinking that continuing cigarette smoking could have a very strong impact to their health; that it could cause several ailments and health risks, or even death. The bold colors, sizes and shapes of the pictures provide strong impact on uti lizing the main topic. The technique used was to provide the facts and risks of smoking and to drive the readers/viewers to act accordingly in order to prevent those risks from emerging. Effects of Cigarette Smoking Cigarette smoking†¦ Raises blood pressure Suppresses immune function Reduces stamina May cause gum disease May cause emphysema Wrinkles your skin Very addictive Dulls senses of smell and taste Leads to depression and fatigue May cause heart attacks May cause lung cancer May cause DEATH The information graphics used in this stop smoking topic through the above pictures and table that describes the effects of cigarette smoking and the actions to be done to prevent its effects. Information graphics could provide critical thinking of numbers and analysis process without doing calculations and just

ON orientalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ON orientalism - Essay Example As the empires extend across the world historically, the British and the French have been the mainly significant in terms of the East. The empires required to be acquainted with how they could comprehend the citizens they come across so that they could surmount and suppress them without difficulty. This method of using hefty abstract categories to describe those who look dissimilar, whose skin is a different colour, has been going on for a protracted time, as far back as there had been ring up linking different cultures and people (Sheng 180). However, orientalism makes such all-purpose procedure official in that it presents itself as intent knowledge. American orientalism is to a large extent meandering, and what differs in the American knowledge from British and French Orientalism, is that the American orientalism extremely politicised by the existence Israel for which America is the key partner. Many individuals trust the way that Americans recognize the Muslim world is extremely difficult. Anti-Arab racism seems to approximate the official sanction. Repeating the lines of persons who contain the majority influence, for whom Islam is a useful foreign fiend, to twist concentration away from the inequalities and trouble in the personal culture. America truly desires to think about racism. Racial discrimination that comes from the United States to Muslim individuals and towards Arabic persons, and that something that has to end and the United States has to begin regarding people from the Middle East in order to stumble on a way out to the trouble that has been building up over the years. This violence occurred in April of 1995. It appears to contain a recognizable mark. It got done to cause as many fatalities as possible. The reality that it was a dominant bomb in Oklahoma City, right away drew investigators to regard as fatal parallels that most of them have

FARs and Aircraft Dispatch Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FARs and Aircraft Dispatch - Research Paper Example Though they are known by many different names, including flight dispatcher, airline dispatcher, flight superintendent, or even flight controller, the job description essentially remains the same: ensure compliance with all applicable regulations and the pursuit of the highest possible levels of safety (â€Å"Airline dispatcher federation†, 2011). The job of an aircraft dispatcher is covered in the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) in several areas, namely FAR Part 121 and FAR Part 65, both under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) (â€Å"Code of federal†, 2010). FAR Part 121 covers Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations, while FAR Part 65 covers Certification and Eligibility Requirements (â€Å"Code of federal†, 2010). Simply put, these sections of the Federal Aviation Regulations ensure that an airline dispatcher has the proper training and certification to do their job, as well as adhering to duty-time requirements w hile on the job, to prevent overtiredness and accidents. These regulations also cover the overall requirement of having enough dispatchers in the dispatch centers to handle all of the flights, so that no one dispatcher feels overwhelmed and unable to do their job. FAR Part 65, Subpart C, completely covers the eligibility and certificate requirements that any person wishing to become an aircraft dispatcher must complete. The requirements include criteria such as an age requirement of 23 years, the ability to speak and understand English, and passing both knowledge and practical tests. These tests must be completed after a certification course that consists of 200 hours of training, though previous experience may be submitted to cover part or all of the hours (â€Å"Code of federal†, 1998). It also plainly states that no person may serve in the capacity of airline dispatcher without said completion certificate, and must present that certificate upon the request of numerous pers onnel (â€Å"Code of federal†, 1998). These regulations enable the airlines to work in conjunction with certified, capable individuals, helping the aircraft dispatcher to do their job by ensuring that they have the proper training and certification to complete it adequately. The safety of numerous passengers flying on the airlines that are the responsibility of the dispatcher are not to be taken lightly, and indeed, the dispatchers pledge to uphold safety as much as the pilots. Therefore, having these training and eligibility requirements help to ensure that the job and what it entails is taken seriously. FAR Part 121, Subpart M: Airmen and Crewmember Requirements, also applies to aircraft dispatchers. FAR  §121.395, in fact, covers dispatch centers, stating that enough qualified dispatchers must be working to ensure proper operational control of aircraft (â€Å"Code of federal†, 2010). Without this regulation, a flight load could easily slip into the chaos of an und erstaffed and overworked dispatch center, causing costly losses of life and aircraft. Given the fact that downsizing has become popular, it is a relief to know that dispatchers are aided by this regulation, as enough of them must be working to reasonably handle a typical daily flight load for an airline. FAR Part 121 does not stop there in covering airline dispatchers. In Subpart P: Aircraft Dispatcher Qualifications and Duty Time,

Project Management has become so Financially Sensitive that all Essay

Project Management has become so Financially Sensitive that all Project Managers should be Qualified Accountants - Essay Example This essay examines the point that "Whether or not a project manager has to be a qualified accountant" A project is a team work and every single individual has to play his own part in it to utmost faith. Finance is very important for the success or failure of a project. In fact finance is the life blood of every project. So it becomes imperative that the project manager must have knowledge of the financial aspects of the project. He will be able to direct in a better way the accountants if the project manager is a qualified accountant. If a project manager has to function effectively then he/she has to understand every aspect of cost and also the timing with regard to recognition of cost. Cost affects both the project and also the financial performance of the corporate. The project manager's duty is to be aware of the various cost perceptions and way in which they have to be reported. This knowledge will help the project manager to control the cost of goods sold which is his/her sole financial responsibility. The project manager can also control the timing of cost so that cash flow and the total cost of the project improves. Apart from this he can also affect revenue expenses and its report in the Profit and Loss statement (Project Management Journal, June 1986, p372). The different organizational goals which require continuous improvement in the quality of services and goods supplied to a customer through close customer relationships has contributed to this changing environment. Project managers should therefore understand and be aware of the various financial aspects of a project (Lundsten, David J 2006). The field of Project Managers is developing rapidly. This field now has its own professional body, the Project Management Institute (PMI), and its own professional certification, Project Management Professional (PMP). A project manager's task is to hand over the project on time and also within the prescribed budget. Most project managers feel they are responsible towards the firm's profitability only to the extent and limitation of controlling the project cost. But this is not so, they are capable of doing even beyond that. As soon as the various costs of a project is recognized the project manager's responsibility and effectiveness is increased. Planning the expenses and the cost of the project and execution of the same by the project manager influences a company's profit. He has to take timely action of the range of cash flow, expenses, and reporting of revenue and expenses. Thus the project manager has to be well versed and have a total knowledge in the cost accounting practices which shape the firm's project cost reporting (Project Management Journal, June 1986, p375). Scrutiny of the distinctive project profit & loss statement (Table 1) depicts how a project when sold for profit is subjugated to costs apart from the projects' cost (cost of 4 goods sold). The project manager

Nature of Public Administration Essay Example for Free

Nature of Public Administration Essay Before we discuss about the meaning, definition, nature, scope and importance of public administration we will try to know what is administration, organisation and management. As these terms are often used interchangeably and synonymously, it is pertinent to know the differences and distinctions between these three terms. According to William Schulze Administration is the force, which lays down the object for which an organisation and its management are to strive and the broad policies under which they are to operate. An Organisation is a combination of the necessary human beings, materials, tools, equipment and working space, appurtenances brought together in systematic and effective co-relation to accomplish some desired object. Management is that which leads guides and directs an organisation for the accomplishment of pre-determined object. To put the above in simple terms, administration sets the goal, management strives to attain it and organisation is the machine of the management for the attainment of the ends determined by the administration. Some scholars have a different view about the administration and management. According to Peter Drucker management is associated with the business activity, which has to show economic performance, whereas administration is associated with the non business activities like activities of the Government. The other view is that administration is associated with performing routine things in known settings in accordance with certain procedures, rules, and regulations. The Management is associated with performing functions like risk taking, dynamic, creative and innovative functions. Some scholars of Public Administration are closely associated with the first view that is, administration is a determinative function. Management, on other hand is an executive function that is primarily concerned with carrying out the broad policies laid down by the administration.

Strategic Management of Tesco: PESTLE and SWOT Analysis

Strategic Management of Tesco: PESTLE and SWOT Analysis Tesco plc is a leading global grocery with its headquarters in Cheshunt in the United Kingdom where it is ranked second in this country in terms of revenues and third in terms of profits. This company has stores in more than 14 countries in the world and has employed more than 326000 employees globally. In the United Kingdom, the food and drink retail sector represents the largest industry offering large employment opportunities to people of the United Kingdom and the whole world in general. In the global competition and companies pictures, it is of great importance for a company to come up with a strategy that will evaluate its competitive advantage. In this case, PESTEL analysis is used by the Tesco plc. This analysis indicates that, Tesco plc has to monitor and respond to uncontrollable forces that are posed by six factors. These factors include; political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, environmental, and legal. In this essence, these forces influence the macro environm ent of the Tesco plc. The other aspect which is of great significance to consider when evaluating the competitive advantage of this company is the SWOT analysis. In this respect, the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities of this company are analyzed. From the analysis it can be learned that the companys strengths and opportunities neutralize the weaknesses and threats. It can be learned from the analysis that this company has been able to operate a number of stores in the whole world with the major ones being in the United Kingdom. The increased advancement of technology acts as a potential basis for the company to operate online and offer its customers with products from different parts of the world. Introduction Tesco Plc. is one of the largest global groceries headquartered in Cheshunt in the United Kingdom. It is the second largest retailer in the whole world when measured in terms of profits and third largest when measured in terms of revenues. In the United Kingdom, Tesco has a market share of 30% hence becoming the market leader in this country. This company has more than 2318 stores in 14 countries across Europe, Asia, and North America. Tesco plc was founded in the year 1919 by Jack Cohen and the first store was opened in the year 1929 in Burnt Oak. Tesco plc has a flat hierarchical structure where each and every intended action has to pass through the management. There are six levels which are between checkout staff and chief executive. This company has employed more than 326000 employees across the globe where 237000 of them are in Europe where it has its largest private employer. This company has 83 Tesco stores and 447 superstores in the United Kingdom. Tesco plc has been using th e strategy of pile em high, sell em cheap as a way of minimizing production costs. The mission and vision of this company are to offer superior and technical representation and add value to its products and customers by providing highly innovative solutions to their customers design, manufacturing requirements, and procurement. This is usually done by improving the quality, productivity, and services to a competitive edge. The grocery sector where foods and drinks are sold represents the largest industry in the United Kingdom. This sector offers employment opportunities to more than three million people in different levels such as primary production, manufacturing, and retailing. In the year 2003, the food and drink retail sector accounted for about 9% of the countrys gross domestic product. In order to increase its competitive advantage, Tesco plc has diversified its production where it supplies clothing and other non food lines. Its own label products are in three levels which include, value, normal, and finest. In addition to convenience produce, most of the companys stores have gas suppliers hence becoming one of the largest United Kingdom autonomous petrol retailers (Porter 1980: 27). Strategy growth company PESTEL analysis In the process of evaluating the competitive advantage of this company, there are six forces that Tesco has to respond to and which influence its macro environment. These forces include; political, economical, socio-cultural, technological, environmental, and legal factors. In the process of shaping the marketing strategies for the Tesco plc, these macro-environmental factors have been evaluated in both global and domestic markets to successfully penetrate the markets and possess a higher niche in competition (Pearce Robinson 2003: 237). Table 1: PESTEL analysis of Tesco plc Political factors As it operates in a globalized environment with stores across the globe, Tescos performance is greatly influenced by the political conditions of the countries where it has its stores. This is because each and every country has its own political standing which may be different from United Kingdom. Among the important factors that act as productive grounds for this company is the fact that United Kingdom is politically stable and free from corruption. Additionally, most of the countries where it has its stores like; Japan, Turkey, Hungary, Ireland, and Poland among others are politically stable providing good environment for business (Patterson 2002: 251). The United Kingdom government encourages businesses and retailers to offer a mix of job opportunities from centrally located, highly paid, lowly paid, locally based jobs, and flexible jobs. The political factors prevailing not only in Britain but also in the whole world influence Tesco to employ all kinds of people as a way of provid ing employment opportunities to citizens. The aspect of political stability has increased the companys profits as taxation policies in Britain encourage operations of business sector. Economic factors Economic factors as they influence demands, costs, and prices of the products offered are of great concern to this company. The whole globe has experienced economic decline and hence the aspect of purchasing products has been greatly affected in all companies without the exception of Tesco plc. In this respect, the inflation rate of the United Kingdom has dropped from 3.6% in the year 2009 to 2.2% in the year 2010. This indicates that there is an increased value of money hence decreasing the costs of living and the purchasing power increases in return. Since Tesco plc has a number of stores not only in UK but also in the whole world, its business cycles are not heavily affected since there are sales throughout the year. The current economic growth has affected the purchasing power of buyers hence reducing the number of sales made by this company. Additionally, the level of income in the United Kingdom is relatively unequal hence making some people fail to afford the products offered by this company (McLoughlin Aaker 2010: 211). Socio-cultural factors It should be noted that people make up markets in the world and hence there is a strong demographic force in global and local markets. Population growth is one of the interests of marketers especially in cities, urban areas, and towns but this does not necessarily mean that the increased population forms potential markets for the produced goods. This is because one may have a lot of people to feed hence failing to purchase the products offered by Tesco plc. The fact that many people have gone to school has increased customer awareness of their rights and hence they are only buying products that are of high quality (Mazzucato 2002: 58). The concept of ethnicity implies that the United Kingdom is an amalgam of races where different races have different tastes and cultures. In this country more than 90% of the total population are the Whites hence marketers are mostly targeting them. Location is another factor that is usually considered by marketers as most of the potential buyers are f ound in urban areas as compared to rural areas. Tesco plc is strategically located in a place where potential buyers are heavily targeted. Environmental factors Globally, there have been increased campaigns on environmental preservation and many companies are supposed to preserve the environment. This is because most of the pollutions that are done to the environment are caused by industries. As a way of maintaining and preserving environment, Tesco plc usually uses licensed waste disposal services. There are legal requirements that force companies in the United Kingdom to support the aspect of sustainable development and this cannot be done without professional ways of disposing wastes (Lake Powell 1999: 63). Additionally, water that is used in this company is usually recycled in so that it can be reused as a way of preserving the most important resources in the United Kingdom. Globally, consumers are aware of the impacts of environmental pollution and hence are increasingly buying products that have been produced through environmentally friendly means. Legal In the United Kingdom there is competition law that is established under the Competition Act 1998 and the Enterprise Act 2002. This usually affects the behaviours of businesses in this country as there is a manner in which they are supposed to compete. It is a requirement for all businesses in this country to abide with these laws and Tesco plc is not excluded (Kotler et al 2005: 54). Tesco plc is mostly involved in selling foods and drinks and hence has to abide with the Health and Safety Laws in this country. These laws are provided under the Health and Safety Act 1974. Technological factors In the global competition, quality of products or services is highly appreciated by customers and any company that produces high quality products wins most customers. In this case, quality is usually guaranteed by technological advancement and hence Tesco plc has improved its technological innovations. The speed of technology transfer in this company is very fast as employees are learning technological aspects in order to improve their performance within the company. Innovation is highly encouraged in this company and this has helped the company in improving its competitive advantage in the whole world (Jeffs 2008: 68). SWOT analysis of Tesco plc The concept of SWOT analysis usually indicates the competitive advantage of a company by looking at its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths Tesco plc has been able to operate a number of stores in the whole world with the major ones being in the United Kingdom. This has helped it to enter into the global market hence reaching a wide number of customers. Additionally, this company has recently engaged in advertising its products online where customers are in a position to learn and order products online (Rumelt 1991: 172). Through the stores that are located in more than 14 countries globally, customers are able to get their ordered products in time. The products that are produced by this company are usually of high value and quality hence attracting large numbers of customers. By operating in urban areas, Tesco plc has been able to capture most people as these are the highly populated areas globally. This company has been able to compete stiffly with its competitors like Sainsbury, Marks Spencer, and ASDA hence improving its financial strengths. There has been diversification where Tesco plc also supplies clothing and o ther products away from food and drink line. This has helped this company is competing with its competitors (Ireland et al 2007: 37). Weaknesses Tesco plc is using a lot of fossil fuel in its distribution of products especially in transport network. This is because it is not wholly established to have stores in almost all countries of the world. Additionally, this company has only targeted the developed world leaving out the developing and under developed nations which may produce potential customers for their products. The aspect of using internet in advertising its products has been covering only a certain group of people as mostly the youths are the ones who make use of internet. This indicates that those people who do not use internet frequently will not be in a position to know about its products (Human Resource Management 2010). Threats There is a very stiff competition that is posed by Tesco competitors like Sainsbury, Marks Spencer, and ASDA. Most companies worry about taxes in any country and Tesco being no exception worries about taxes in the United Kingdom and the other countries where it has stores. The innovation by other companies is another threat of this company as any increase in innovation will result to a very stiff competition towards this company (Grant 2009: 26). Opportunities The recent advancement in technology offers Tesco plc a great opportunity of using internet in selling its products. In this aspect, internet is the most used technology that is able to reach a wide number of customers even in areas where there are no stores. Additionally, there is an opportunity of forming alliance competitors or suppliers in order to reduce production and distribution costs. Collaborations are very necessary in that companies share resources and hence they do not fear taking risks in any pursuit of development (Coulter 2009: 56). Recommendations In order for the Tesco plc to achieve a higher ground in competition than its rivals it has to do the following; Improve the management in order to make sure that all stores are well managed so that quality services may be offered to customers. The company should encourage employees innovations in order to compete with other companies. The company should increase its target population by opening new stores in other countries in order to target large numbers of customers Conclusion In winding up, competitive advantage of a company can be evaluated using different strategies that are very essential in a company. In this case, the PESTEL analysis of the Tesco plc indicates that this company has to monitor and respond to the six forces that influence its macro environment. These forces include; political, economic, technological, soci0-cultural, environmental, and legal. From the SWOT analysis of the Tesco plc, this company has a number of strengths and opportunities that are able to neutralize weaknesses and threat. Africa: Beyond The Stereotypes Africa: Beyond The Stereotypes In a single day 95 photographers document a wildly diverse continent bursting with energy and promise. Send 95 photojournalists around the African continent on the same day, and what do you get? Pictures and columns that belie the clichà ©d expectations, a prosperous South African family enjoys breakfast in a sparkling kitchen near Johannesburg, denim-clad girls giggle as they walk to class in Cape Verde. Africa, which is bigger than the United States, China, Argentina, Europe, India combined; contains 53 nations, 720 million people and more than 800 ethnic groups who speak more than a 1,000 languages. The 250 photos from each photographer barely even scratch the surface of the continents diversity. (magazine, 2002) Studying Africa If educators had the time to survey their students before engaging students in the study of the continent, they would undoubtedly be shocked by (i) the lack of knowledge about Africa, which is the second largest continent in terms of both land area and population, and (ii) by the images of Africa held by the majority of their students. Africa is probably the least known and the most misrepresented of the continents. This is due to the simplistic explanatory constructs through which the media, government, and educational texts have brought understanding to events (social, economic, political) and practices (social, cultural, religious) in Africa. (Exploring Africa)http://graphjam.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/arbitraryuser.png Common stereotypes  · Africa is the Dark Continent  · Africa is culturally monolithic  · Africa without history  · Africa is pagan  · Africa is uncivilized  · Endemic violence  · Endemic hunger/starvation Behavioral Characteristics- African behavior is determined by primordial drives, Savagery, Tribal loyalty, Superstition determines attitudes and behavior, Weird cultural practices. Many popular images of Africa are based on stereotypes that present fragmented, inaccurate, and at times fallacious, images or representations of Africa. These images and misrepresentations become the basis of knowledge. Given the lack of in-depth knowledge of Africa and the prevalence of generalized stereotypes to interpret Africa, Americans tend to use explanatory constructs to bring meaning and understanding to images and news from Africa. Common examples include the following:  · Tribalism- seemingly endemic conflicts in Africa are explained by primordial tribal impulses.  · Patrimonial structures and practices-African patrimonial structures encourage nepotism, corruption, and economic and political inefficiency. Therefore, they preclude democracy.  · Communitarian orientation- Anti-individualism precludes personal initiative, development, and modernity. (Exploring Africa) Sources of Stereotypes Historical European explorers, colonial officials, and missionaries created representations of Africa and Africans through narratives that were consonant with their beliefs and supportive of their agenda (e.g. Africans as uncivilized incapable of governing themselves). Contemporary News Media cover Africa superficially (crisis driven coverage). Reporters often have no background in Africa. Liberal use of inadequate explanatory constructs. Entertainment Media perpetuates negative images of helpless primitives and evil pagans. The media glorify colonialism and European intervention. Currently, Africa is represented as a place of endemic violence and brutal but ignorant dictators. Animalization of Africa through the many of nature shows on Africa that presents Africa as being devoid of humans. Safari Industry promotes an orientation to animals and exploitation of non-representative African cultures (e.g. Maasai, Pekot, San, etc.). Theme parks in united states that feature African themes. Advertising-industry has built and exploited (and thereby perpetuated) simplistic stereotypes of Africa. U.S Textbooks covering Africa often provide inadequate coverage, and use popular explanatory constructs. Feature pictorial images (predominance of animals and exotica).Highlight social and cultural representations of non-representative groups such as the Maasai and San. (Exploring Africa) African stereotypes- A Reaction from the Public After generally refraining from criticizing media coverage of African news, it has becoming increasingly hard for some people to resist commentary. I suppose one can only read and watch so many stereotyped and misinformed news stories before it becomes too much to bear. Texas in Africa (an African blog spot), the ladies at Wronging Rights, among others have always been quick to stress the problem with bad reporting. For example: A story written by Jeffrey Gettleman on the drought currently plaguing Kenya. Gettleman writes: A devastating drought is sweeping across Kenya, killing livestock, crops and children. It is stirring up tensions in the ramshackle slums where the water taps have run dry, and spawning ethnic conflict in the hinterland as pastoralist communities fight over the last remaining pieces of fertile grazing land. The twin hearts of Kenyas economy, agriculture and tourism, are especially imperiled. The fabled game animals that safari-goers fly thousands of miles to see ar e keeling over from hunger and the picturesque savannah is now littered with an unusually large number of sun-bleached bones. (Gettleman, 2009) There is definitely a severe drought in Kenya and it is indubitably a cause of great concern for Kenyans dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. As Gettleman notes, the drought is also increasing conflict in some parts of the country, with farmers struggling for access to arable land. Such conflict, however, is not ethnic, but rather an instance of basic survival. Aside from this point, what I find most troublesome about Gettlemans piece is his suggestion that the Kenyan economy will somehow crumble as a consequence of the drought. The unknowing reader comes away from Gettlemans piece with an image of a completely impoverished, desert-like country on the brink of disaster a stereotype of a typical African country. While Kenya surely does have its problems Gettlemans imagery is highly misguiding. Technology in Kenya is expanding at a rapid pace, heralding much opportunity for development. Emphasis is also being placed on the countrys private sector as an engine for growth, as well as small-scale manufacturing. One doesnt get any of this from Gettlemans piece. African stereotypes and Social Psychology Research by social psychologists strongly indicates that we as individuals find it difficult to hold conflicting or contradictory beliefs/understandings. Social psychologists call this aversion cognitive dissonance, the discomfort in holding contradictory beliefs or representations. Yet when we are exposed to evidence that contradicts an accepted image, we may not recognize or be bothered by the contradiction (e.g. Africans are primitive but not be flustered when introduced to Africans who are clearly very modern), unless prior representation is challenged. To give a simple example, many Americans believe that Africa is comprised of jungle, sparsely populated savannah, or desert. When shown pictures of modern African cities, individuals may accept that the cities are in Africa; however, if the dominant representation is not directly challenged in attempt to maintain cognitive consonance, students will maintain their prior perception. So in spite of pictorial evidence, many people wil l revert to their prior knowledge and understanding of Africa. Debunking African stereotypes It is important that educators advocate a feeling of understanding and appreciating other cultures and societies. So many people tend to judge other peoples actions and ways of life by their own cultural values. Educators need to steer away from this ethnocentric view. In teaching about Africa, stereotypes and biases naturally creep in. educators should be on guard to not perpetuate the beliefs that seem to come to mind. Words in describing Africa can be altered for example consider the table below. Stop word Substitute word Jungle rainforest Tribe Ethnic group/ people Backward/primitive/savage/native traditional Bush savannah Witch doctor herbalist Costume National attire Juju/superstition faith Also educators should examine materials before hand for stereotypes and biases. Dont show a collection of pictures that only show Africans dressed in little clothing or wearing masks. Urban and rural areas should be represented too. Educator should talk about the people and not just the jungle and its inhabitants. Often, seemingly subtle opinions and failure to represent the real Africa can do harm to the students who look to educators as authorities on something they will probably never personally experience. (Turner, 1995) Works Cited (n.d.). Retrieved 3 23, 2010, from Exploring Africa: http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu Gadzala, a. (2009). China In Africa. Trafficking in African Stereotypes . Gettleman, J. (2009, 9 8). Africa. Lush Land Dries up, Withering Kenyas hopes , p. A1. magazine, s. (2002, 12). Africa. Retrieved 3 2010, from http://www.smithsonianmag.coms/africa.html Merryfield, M. M. (1995). . Turner, D. (1995). teaching about africa. Utah: early elemetary.